French

French (Wikipedia:French) is a Romance language (Wikipedia:Romance languages) of the Indo-European family (Wikipedia:Indo-European languages). It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. There are currently 4 released French language pairs

French is the official language in 29 countries across five different continents. It's the first language for the people in France, the Canadian provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick, the regions of Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, western Switzerland, Monaco, and certain other regions of Canada and the United States. It is the fourth most widely spoken language in the European Union. For Europeans who speak other languages natively and is the second most taught foreign language in the EU. About one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language. It is the sixth most spoken language in the world and is the second most studied language worldwide.

In Apertium

Language pairs

Trunk (released pairs)

• apertium-br-fr
• apertium-eo-fr
• apertium-fr-es
• apertium-fra-cat

Staging

• apertium-fra-por

Nursery

• apertium-epo-fra
• apertium-fr-it

Incubator

• apertium-byv-fra
• apertium-eu-fr
• apertium-fr-nl
• apertium-fra-eng
• apertium-fra-ina
• apertium-fra-ita
• apertium-fra-ron
• apertium-oc-fr
• apertium-oci-fra

Resources

General

• Battye, Adrian; Hintze, Marie-Anne; Rowlett, Paul. (2000). The French Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction. Routledge.
• Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "French". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
• Bourdais, Danièle; Talon, Geneviève. (2017). Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level French as a Foreign Language. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781316645994.
• Sanders, Carol. (1993). French Today: Language in Its Social Context. Cambridge University Press.
• Rickard, Peter. (1989). A History of the French Language. Routledge. ISBN-13: 978-0415108874.
• Ayres-Bennett, Wendy. (1995). A History of the French Language Through Texts. Routledge.
• Fagyal, Zsuzsanna. (2006).French: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press; 1 edition. ISBN-13: 978-0521528962.
• Omniglot: French (français)

Machine translation

• A.Allauzen & H.Bonneau-Maynard. (2008). Collins French Dictionary Training and evaluation of POS taggers on the French MULTITAG corpus. A.Allauzen & H.Bonneau-Maynard.
• Sadat F., Mohamed E. (2013) Improved Arabic-French Machine Translation through Preprocessing Schemes and Language Analysis. In: Zaïane O.R., Zilles S. (eds) Advances in Artificial Intelligence. AI 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7884. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
• Alsharaf, Haytham; Cardey, Sylviane; Greenfield, Peter. (2004). French to Arabic Machine Translation: the Specificity of Language Couples. 9th EAMT Workshop "Broadening horizons of machine translation and its applications"
• Han A.LF., Wong D.F., Chao L.S., He L., Li S., Zhu L. (2013) Phrase Tagset Mapping for French and English Treebanks and Its Application in Machine Translation Evaluation. In: Gurevych I., Biemann C., Zesch T. (eds) Language Processing and Knowledge in the Web. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8105. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
• Arnulphy B., Claveau V., Tannier X., Vilnat A. (2015) Supervised Machine Learning Techniques to Detect TimeML Events in French and English. In: Biemann C., Handschuh S., Freitas A., Meziane F., Métais E. (eds) Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. NLDB 2015. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 9103. Springer, Cham
• Matthias Krautz: Machine Translation Archive (Ctrl+F "French")

Grammars

• Kayne, Richard. (2006). French Syntax: The Transformational Cycle. The MIT Press.
• Calvez, Daniel. (2004). French Grammar: A Complete Reference Guide. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Barchan, J., Woodmansee, B. & Yazdani, M. Instr Sci (1986) 15: 21. A Prolog-based Tool For French Grammar Analysis.
• Baunaz, Lena. (2011). The Grammar of French Quantification. Springer, Dordrecht. Online ISSN: 978-94-007-0621-7
• Kahane S. (2001) A Fully Lexicalized Grammar for French Based on Meaning-Text Theory. In: Gelbukh A. (eds) Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing. CICLing 2001. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2004. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
• Tolone E., Sagot B. (2011) Using Lexicon-Grammar Tables for French Verbs in a Large-Coverage Parser. In: Vetulani Z. (eds) Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics. LTC 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6562. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
• Gotti F., Langlais P., Lapalme G., Charest S., Brunelle É. (2011) Reducing Overdetections in a French Symbolic Grammar Checker by Classification. In: Gelbukh A. (eds) Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing. CICLing 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 6609. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
• Schwarze C. (1988) The Treatment of the French Adjectif Detache in Lexical Functional Grammar. In: Reyle U., Rohrer C. (eds) Natural Language Parsing and Linguistic Theories. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, vol 35. Springer, Dordrecht
• Abeillé A. (1992) [Abeillé A. (1992) A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for French and its Relevance to Language Teaching. In: Swartz M.L., Yazdani M. (eds) Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Foreign Language Learning. NATO ASI Series (Series F: Computer and Systems Sciences), vol 80. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for French and its Relevance to Language Teaching]. In: Swartz M.L., Yazdani M. (eds) Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Foreign Language Learning. NATO ASI Series (Series F: Computer and Systems Sciences), vol 80. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

Morphology

• Golato, Peter. (2006). Processing French: A Psycholinguistic Perspective. Yale University Press.
• Klausenburger J. (2013) Theoretical Issues in Old French Inflectional Morpho(phono)logy. In: Arteaga D. (eds) Research on Old French: The State of the Art. Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, vol 88. Springer, Dordrecht
• Morin, YC. Nat Lang Linguist Theory (1988) 6: 271. Disjunctive ordering and French morphology
• Fayol M., Totereau C. (2001) Learning the Written Morphology of Plural in Written French. In: Tolchinsky L. (eds) Developmental Aspects in Learning to Write. Studies in Writing, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht
• Fayol M., Geneviève Thevenin M., Pierre Jarousse J., Totereau C. (1999) From Learning to Teaching to Learning French Written Morphology. In: Nunes T. (eds) Learning to Read: An Integrated View from Research and Practice. Neuropsychology and Cognition, vol 17. Springer, Dordrecht
• Giraudo H., Grainger J. (2003) A Supralexical Model for French Derivational Morphology. In: Assink E.M.H., Sandra D. (eds) Reading Complex Words. Neuropsychology and Cognition, vol 22. Springer, Boston, MA
• Quémart, P. & Casalis, S. Ann. of Dyslexia (2017) 67: 85. Morphology and spelling in French students with dyslexia: the case of silent final letters
• Casalis, S. & Louis-Alexandre, MF. Reading and Writing (2000) 12: 303. Morphological analysis, phonological analysis and learning to read French: a longitudinal study
• Legendre, G. Nat Lang Linguist Theory (1990) 8: 81. French impersonal constructions
• Namer F. (2013) A Rule-Based Morphosemantic Analyzer for French for a Fine-Grained Semantic Annotation of Texts. In: Mahlow C., Piotrowski M. (eds) Systems and Frameworks for Computational Morphology. SFCM 2013. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 380. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
• Abeillé A. (1992) A Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar for French and its Relevance to Language Teaching. In: Swartz M.L., Yazdani M. (eds) Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Foreign Language Learning. NATO ASI Series (Series F: Computer and Systems Sciences), vol 80. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
• Wikipedia: French verb morphology
• Petrush, Rebecca. (2008). Derivational Morphology in English-French Acquisition. Indiana University

Dictionaries

• Collins French Dictionary
• WordReference.com: English-French Dictionary
• Larrousse: Bilingual French Dictionary
• Merriam-Webster's French-English Dictionary, newest paperback edition (English and French Edition)
• Le Petit Robert 2017 (Le Petit Robert Dictionnaires)
• Le Robert College 2018: French Monolingual Dictionary for French Speaking college students. (Les Dictionnaires Scolaires) (French Edition)

Miscellaneous

• Bosmans, Daniel. (2017). An Exploration of French Pronunciation Learning Strategies of Distance Learners.
• Tranel, Bernard. (2006).The Sounds of French: An Introduction. Yale University Press.
• Lodge, Anthony. (1993). French: From Dialect to Standard. Routledge.
• Colin, Armand. (2006). Langue française. http://www.persee.fr
• ENS Éditions, Institut Français de l'Éducation. (2002). Repères. Recherches en didactique du français langue maternelle. http://www.persee.fr/collection/reper
• The Society for French Studies. (2017) French Studies: A Quarterly Review. Oxford University Press.
• Wikipedia: French Language
• Encyclopaedia Britannica: French Language
• The French Language: A Short Guide

Corpora

• CHIDES Corpora. Requires reference
• Lexique 3
• The ARTFL Project
• Linguistic Corpus of the University of Vigo
• SACODEYL Corpus of Spoken French
• Traitement de Corpus Oraux en Français
• Corpus de français parlé parisien des années 2000
• Corpus de français parlé au Québec
• Linguistic Data Consortium. French Gigaword Third Edition. Copyright Portions © 1994-2010 Agence France-Presse, © 1994-2010 The Associated Press, © 2006, 2009, 2011 Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. License: LDC User Agreement for Non-Members