Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin Chinese (Wikipedia:Mandarin Chinese) is a Sino-Tibetan language(Wikipedia:Sino-Tibetan languages). Currently there is no stable language pair in Apertium involving Mandarin Chinese (see list of language pairs).

General

• Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Mandarin Chinese". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
• —— (1991), "What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic terms", Sino-Platonic Papers 29: 1–31
• Norman, Jerry (1988), Chinese, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.
• Ramsey, S. Robert (1987), The Languages of China, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-01468-5.
• Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987), Language Atlas of China, Longman, ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
• Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), Introduction to Chinese Dialectology, LINCOM Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.

Machine translation

• [1] Libtabe (SourceForge)
• [2] Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, English-Chinese (traditional)
• [3] MDBG English to Chinese dictionary

Grammars

• Chinese Grammar Wiki All Set Learning
• [4] Chinese Grammar (Wikipedia)
• [5] ADVANCED CHINESE GRAMMAR
• Yue, Anne O. (2003), "Chinese dialects: grammar", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan languages, Routledge, pp. 84–125, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
• Li Dejin and Cheng Meizhen. A Practical Chinese Grammar for Foreigners. Revised Edition. Beijing Language and Culture University Press, 2009. Paper. ISBN: 978-7-561-92163-0
• Chao, Yuen Ren. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. ISBN: 0-520-00219-9. {ALEX PL1137.S6C5 1968}
• Claudia Ross and Jing-heng Sheng Ma. Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar. New York: Routledge, 2006.
• Huang, C. -T. James, Y. -H. Audrey Li, and Yafei Li. The Syntax of Chinese. Cambridge University Press, 2009. ISBN: 0521590582
• Kratochvil, P. The Chinese Language Today. {ALEX PL1087.K7}
• He, Wayne W., Dela Jiao and Christopher M. Livaccari. Structures of Mandarin Chinese for Speakers of English I. Peking University Press, 2010. Paper. ISBN: 978-7-301-17971-0
• Li, Charles N. & Sandra A. Thompson. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981. ISBN: 0-520-04286-7 {ALEX PL1107.L5}
• Lu, Fubo 卢福波著. 《对外汉语教学实用语法》. Beijing Languages and Culture University Press, 1996. Paper. ISBN 978-7-5619-0474-9
• Yip Po-Ching and Don Rimmington. Chinese: An Essential Grammar. New York: Routledge, 1997. {Paul Robeson (Camden) PL1107.Y57 1996}

Morphology

• CARAGIU-MARIOTEANU Matilda, “Fono-morfologie aromână : studiu de dialectologie structurală” București : Editura Academiei RSR, 1968.
• JANURA P. “Sufixe nominale të perbashta në gjuhët romune (aromune) dhe shqipe : disa krahasime me sufixet e gjuhëve të balkanike” in Je, no 1-2 (1969) P. 108-129 : no 3 (1969) P. 87-105. Tirana.
• BARA, Mariana, Le lexique latin hérité en aroumain dans une perspective romane, LincomEuropa Verlag, München, 2004, 231 p.; ISBN 3-89586-980-5.
• BARA, Mariana; KAHL, Thede; SOBOLEV, Andrej N., Južnoaromynskij govor sela Turia: Krania Grevenon, Pind. Etnolingvistika, Leksika, Sintaksa, Teksty (Graiul aromân de sud din satul Turia: Krania Grebene, Pind. Etnolingvistică, lexic, sintaxă, texte), Marburg, Sankt-Peterburg, 2005, ISBN 3-932331-59-1.

Dictionaries

Monolingual

• 《全球华语词典》 (Global Chinese Dictionary)
• 漢典 (Handian Dictionary)
• 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本 (Dictionary of Mandarin from Ministry of Education, R.O.C.)

Multilingual

• [6] English-Chinese Online Dictionary - TigerNT
• [7] Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, English-Chinese (traditional)
• [8] MDBG English to Chinese dictionary

Wordlists

• Vocabularies for 150 languages (Flashcard learning)
• Mandarin Swadesh list (Wiktionary, Mandarin--English)
• The most frequently used words with pinyin and english definition.
• Simple core word list COMMON ENTRANCE EXAMINATION at 11+ and 13+ MANDARIN CHINESE

Miscellaneous

• FRIEDMAN, Victor A., The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardisation, Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies, ed. Juhani Nuoluoto, Martii Leiwo, Jussi Halla-aho, Slavica Helsingiensa, 21. Universitatea din Helsinki, 2001
• DAHMEN Wolfgang, KRAMER B, KRAMER Johannes, ROLSHOVEN J, “ Dialektologsche Forschungen bei den Aromunen “
• Tiberius Cunia. 1999. On the strandardisation of the aromanian system of writing
• CARAGIU-MARIOTEANU Matilda, “La romanité sud-danubienne : l’aroumain et le mégléno-roumain” in La Linguistique, vol. 8, fasc. 1 (Paris : 1972). P. 105-122.
• Aromanian language (Wikipedia, English)
• Limba aromană (Wikipedia, Romanian)
• Kahl, Thede - "Istoria aromânilor", Editura Tritonic, București, 2006;
• V. Papacostea - "Aromanian Documents" (1860 - 1870);
• CANDREA I.A. “Texte meglenite” in Grai si suflet, no 1 (Bucuresti : 1929). P. 100-127.
• CAPIDAN Theodor, “Meglenoromânii” Bucuresti : Academia româna, 1925 ; 1928 (Studii si cercetari ; 7). 3 vol. [1 : Istoria si graiul lor ; 2 : Literatura populara la meglenoromâni ; 3 : Dictionar meglenoromân.]
• CARAGIANI Gheorghe, “Intorno alla publicazione della Bibliografia macedoromena” in Balkan Archiv, neue Folge no 11, Hamburg : 1986. P. 247-278.
• CARAGIANI Gheorghe, “La soubordinazione circonstanziale ipotattica nella frase del dialetto aromeno (macedo-romeno)” Napoli : Istituto universitario orientale, 1982.
• CARAGIANI Gheorghe, “Gli aromeni e la questione aromena nei documenti dell’archivo storico diplomatico del Ministerio degli affari esteri italiano” in Storia contemporanea, no 5 (Roma : 1987) ; no 4 (1990). P. 928-1007 ; 633-662.
• DASKALESCU C. “ Scrisori din teara tintereasca si poesii noue [caractere chirilice]” Iasi : 1847.
• DIMA Nicholas 1978 “Romanian minorities in South-East Europe” in Buletinul bibliotecii române, vol. VI, serie noua, Freiburg i Br. : Rumänisches Forschungsinstitut, 1978. P. 337-366.
• NOULAS Vassilis (Hrsg.), “Aromounische Hirtenerzählungen aus dem Pindusgebirge : von Nereiden, Moiren, Dämonen, Drachen, Toten und Träume gesammelt” Zürich : Verlag Madliger-Schwab, 1981
• POGHIRC Cicerone. 1990 “Romanisation linguistique et culturelle dans les Balkans : survivances et évolution “ in Les Aroumains, Paris : Publications Langues’O, 1989 (Cahiers du Centre d’étude des civilisations d’Europe centrale et du Sud-Est ; 8). P. 9-45
• Aromanian Language website
• Στα Βλάχικα - In Vlach: A website about the Vlach language in Greece
• Ethnologue entry for Aromanian
• Asterios Koukoudis: Studies on the Vlachs
• Greek Helsinki Human Rights Organisation: Aromanians (Vlachs) in Greece
• Conjugation of verbs in Aromanian and Istro-Romanian
• Romanian and the Balkans, with some references to Aromanian
• Consiliul A Tinirlor Armanj - CTARM , webpage about Youth Aromanians and their projects
• Armans Association from Serbia
• Armans Cultural Association from Romania

Corpora

• CARAGIU-MARIOTEANU Matilda, “Definition einer Volksgruppe : Glotta und Ethnos der Aromunen” in Österreichische Osthefte, no 2 (Wien : 1971). P. 140-151.
• DAHMEN Wolfgang, KRAMER Johannes, “Enquête directe à l’aide d’enregistrement sur bandes magnétiques : expériences faites au cours d’enquêtes pour l’Atlas linguistique des parlers aroumains de la Grèce” in Archives sonores de dialectologie. Amiens : 1978. P. 55-63.
• GHEORGHEVIC-SPOA Risto, IOVANOVIC Zoran “Cântiti armânesti” Skopije : Societatea armâneasca Pitu Guli, 1982.
• GOLAB Zbigniev “Szic dialektu Arumunow macedonskich” in Zeszyty naukowa uniwersytetu Jagielonskiego-fil, Cracovia : 1961. P. 175-200.
• KAHL, Thede, Istoria aromânilor, Editura Tritonic, București, 2006
• POGHIRC Cicerone. 1990 “Romanisation linguistique et culturelle dans les Balkans : survivances et évolution” in Les Aroumains, Paris : Publications Langues’O, 1989 (Cahiers du Centre d’étude des civilisations d’Europe centrale et du Sud-Est ; 8). P. 9-45.
• TRUDGILL P., “Ausbau sociolinguistics of Greece” in Plurilinguismes no 4 (june 1992). P. 167-191.