Morphology of Kyrgyz language

Noun morphology

Missing rules

# "атым" works, "балам" doesn't

1. 1. Rule: delete ы after %> and before м
   2. ы:0 <=> %> _ м ;

# "балабыз" works, "атыбыз" doesn't

1. 1. Rule: delete ы after %> and before быз
   2. ы:0 <=> %> _ быз ;

# "бала+ңыз" works, "атыңыз" doesn't

1. 1. Rule: delete ы after %> and before ңыз
   2. ы:0 <=> %> _ ңыз ;

1. уул<n><px1sg><dat> --> уулумга doesn't works
   1. Rule: delete г after м and ң
   2. This rule is same for px1sg,px2sg,px3sg

1. үй<n><px1sg><dat> --> үйүмга doesn't works
   1. Rule1: delete г after м and ң
   2. Rule2: change end vowel according to previous vowel

1. китеп<n><px1sg><acc> --> китебимды doesn't works
   1. Rule: last vowel ы should harmonized

• These should all really be rules to epenthesise/insert /I/ (ы, и, у, ү) after a consonant before these endings.

Noun Person,Possessives

() = after vowel, [] = after consonant, {} = archivowel/consonant

({I})м,                1sg
({I})ң,                2sg informal
({I})ң{I}з,            2sg formal 
[с]{I},                3sg 
({I})б{I}з,            1pl
({I})ң{A}р,            2pl informal
({I})ң{I}зд{A}р,       2pl formal
[с]{I}                 3pl

1st Person Possessives

Singular/Plural	Suffix	Example	Gloss
Singular	-ым becomes-м if ends with vowel	ат+ым,бала+м	my horse, my son
Plural	-ыбыз become -быз if ends with vowel	ат+ыбыз,бала+быз	our horse, our son

2nd Person Possessive

Singular/Plural	Suffix	Example	Gloss
Singular	-ың becomes -ң if ends with vowel,-ыңыз becomes -ңыз if ends with vowel	ат+ың,бала+ң,ат+ыңыз,бала+ңыз	your horse, your son, your horse(kind way),your son(kind way)
Plural	-ыңар becomes -ңар if ends with vowel,-ыңыздар becomes -ңыздар if end with vowel	ат+ыңар,бала+ңар,ат+ыңыздар,бала+ңыздар	your horse,your son, your horse(kind way),your son(kind way)

3rd Person Possessive

Singular/Plural	Suffix	Example	Gloss
--	-ы becomes -сы when following vowel	ат+ы,бала+сы	his horse, his son

General Possessive

Singular/Plural	Suffix	Example	Gloss
--	-ныкы	эл+дики,мал+дыкы,балаң+дыкы,тоо+нуку,төө+нүкү	people's, livestock's, your son's, the mountain's, the camel's (as their own NPs)

Noun cases

Case Name	Suffixes
absolute	---
genitive	-нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн
dative	-га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө
definite-accusative	-ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү
locative	-да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө
ablative	-дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн

Genitive, Rules for suffixes

Rules	-нын,-ын transfromation	Examples	Gloss
Ends with vowels	-нын,-нун,-нин,нүн	бала+нын, тоо+нун, эне+нин, төө+нүн	child's, mountain's, mother's, camel's
Ends with Voiced Consonants	-дын,-дун,-дин,-дүн	жаз+дын, коом+дун,билим+дин,көз+дүн	spring's, community's, knowledge's, eye's
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants	-тын,-тун,-тин,-түн	кат+тын,топ+тун, китеп+тин,өтүк+түн	mail's, ball's, book's, shoe's
Ends with Third persons Possesive -ы,-сы and -ныкы	-нын,-нун,-нин,-нүн	мал+ы+нын, саат+ы+нын, бала+сы+нын, ини+си+нин, үй+ү+нүн, короо+су+нун, мектеп+тики+нин	his animal's, his watch's, his child's, his brother's, his house's, his garden's, the school's's (e.g., the school's[ book]'s)

Dative, rules for suffixes

Rules	surface form of -/GA/	Examples	Gloss
Ends with vowels and Voiced Consonants	-га,-го,-ге,-гө	талаа+га, тоо+го,аскер+ге,көчө+гө, кыз+га,борбор+го,көл+гө	to the field,to the mountain, to serve, to the girl,to the center, to the lake
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants	-ка,-ко,-ке,-кө	таш+ка,от+ко,терек+ке,жүрөк+кө	to the stone,to the fire,to the tree,to the heart
after 1st and 2nd person singular possessive suffixes -/(I)m/, -/(I)ŋ/	-а,-е,-о,-ө	саат+ым+а,саат+ың+а,короо+м+о,короо+ң+о,мекте<б>+иң+е, үйүм+ө,эже+син+е,бала+сын+а,мал+ын+а,ките<б>+ин+е	to my watch, to your watch,to my garden,to your garded,to your school,to my house,to his/her sister,to his/her child,to his/her animal,to his/her book
after possessive suffix -/nIKI/ or -/(s)I/	-на,-не,-нө (-но is impossible because of intervening /I/s)	саат+тыкы+на,короо+нуку+на,короо+су+на,мекте<б>+и+не,үй+дүкү+нө, эже+ники+не,бала+сы+на,мал+ы+на,үй+ү+нө

Definite-accusative, Rules for suffixes

Rules	surface forms of -/NI/	Examples	Gloss
Ends with vowels	-ны,-ну,-ни,нү	парта+ны,кино+ну,терезе+ни,көчө+нү	desk, cinema,window,street
Ends with Voiced Consonants	-ды,-ду,-ди,-дү	кыз+ды,кулун+ду,жер+ди,жүзүм+дү	girl,colt,place,grape
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants	-ты,-ту,-ти,-тү	бакыт+ты,куш+ту,китеп+ти,күрөк+тү	happiness, bird, book, shovel
Ends with First and Second persons Possessive suffixes [this is the same as the voiced consonant rules and can be removed —JNW]	-(д)ы,-(д)у,-(д)и,-(д)ү	бала+м+ды,бала+ң+ды,уул+ум+ду,ките<б>+им+ди,үй+үм+дү	my child,your child,my son,my book,my house
After third person -(s)I suffix	-н	бала+сы+н, уул+у+н, ките<б>+и+н, үй+ү+н	his/her/its/their child, son, book, house

Ablative, Rules for suffixes

Rules	surface forms of -/DAn/	Examples	Gloss
Ends with vowels and Voiced Consonants	-дан,-дон, -ден,-дөн	алма+дан,тоо+дон,киши+ден,үй+дөн,кагаз+дан,герб+ден	from apple,from mountain,from person,from house,from paper,
Ends with Unvoiced Consonants	-тан,-тон,-тен,-төн	таш+тан,от+тон,терек+тен,өрт+төн,топ+тон	from stone, from fire, from tree, from fire, from ball
Ends with First and Second persons singular Possessive suffixes	-(д)ан, -(д)он, -(д)ен, -(д)өн	бала+м+дан/бала+м+ан, короо+м+дон/короо+м+он, китеб+им+ден/китеб+им+ен, көчө+ң+өн/көчө+ң+дөн	from my son, from my garden, from my book, from your street
Ends with Third persons Possesive -(s)I or -ныкы	-нан, -нен, -нөн (-нон is impossible after /I/)	мал+ы+нан, үй+ү+нөн, күзгү+сү+нөн, Керим+дики+нен, шаар+дыкы+нан, ата+сы+ныкы+нан	from his animal, from his house, from his mirror's, from Kerim's, from the city's, from his father's

Adjectival morphology

Adjectives in Kyrgyz language do not change with cases, possessions and with plural (-лар) suffix. It has 4 levels : 1. Normal 2. Comparative 3. Superlative 4. Weakening

Normal Level

Ех:
1.кооз; Бишкекте кооз уйлор көп курулду.
2.саздуу,кара,көк,аккан Кара шибер, көк майсан, саздуу болот аккан суу.
3.жакшы; Энеси уулуна жакшы тарбия берген экен.

Comparative

Built by adding -ыраак (-/(I)rAAK/) suffix

Examples :

• кызыл+ыраак redder
• таттуу+раак sweeter
• жакшы+раак better
• кең+ирээк wider
• сары+раак yellower
• тоголок+ураак rounder
• соо+роок more sober
• өзгөчө+рөөк more special

#Ablative case is used for "than", e.g.:

• мен+ден чоң+ураак bigger than me

Superlative

1. Built by using following adverbs: эң,өтө,аябай,чымкый
   • эң жакшы "the best"
   • эң катуу "the hardest"
   • эң сары "the yellowest"

   this is often with possessive morphology after the adjective or the NP it's part of, corresponding roughly to definiteness (specifying what the known domain is) —JNW

   • • бу+лар+дын эң чоң+у аныкы the biggest of these is his
     • бул алма+лар+дын эң сары+сы this is the yellowest of the apples
     • бул эң сары алма(+сы) this is the yellowest apple

1. These aren't superlative, but similar
   • абдан кооз "really beautiful"
   • өтө сулуу "very handsome"
   • аябай ысык "extremely hot"
   • чылк семиз "very fat"
   • чымкый кызыл "very red"

   Typically in Apertium we categorise the "very, really, extremely" part as a separate POS preadv, which aids disambiguation -- e.g. a preadv is an adverb which cannot modify a verb on its own. -- Some can be both of course, but often leading to a different translation (e.g. (en) really<preadv> = (es) muy, (en) really<adv> = (es) verdaderamente) —FMT

2. "extremetive" (?) adjectives
3. Built by reduplication: the reduplicant is composed of all material through the first syllable nucleus of an adjective and ends with +/п/, prepended in front of the base
   • кара --> кап+кара as black as can be
   • сары --> сап+сары as yellow as can be
   • тоголок --> топ+тоголок as round as can be
   • ачуу --> ап+ачуу as spicy as can be
   • кызыл --> кып+кызыл as red as can be

"Weakening"

Weakens the meaning of adjectives built by adding -ыш,-гыл,-ылжым,-илжын,-ылтыр,-гыч,-гылт,-гылтым,-ыңкы

These are almost entirely non-productive and can probably be ignored for morphological analysis —JNW

suffixes	Example	Gloss
-ыш	ак -- агыш,көк -- көгүш	little bit white,little bit blue
-гыл	кир -- киргил	little bit dirty
-ылжым,-илжын	көк -- көгүлжүм,кара -- каралжым	little bit blue, little bit black
-ылтыр	көк -- көгүлтүр	blueish
-гыч	сары -- саргыч	yellowish
-гылт	сары -- саргылт,кызыл -- кызгылт	yellowish, reddish
-гылтым	кызыл -- кызгылтым	reddish
-ыңкы	азган -- азыңкы	--

Numerals (Сан атооч)

Numerals in it's own state do not change with cases and with plural (-лар) suffix.
Built by following suffixes:

suffixes	Example	Gloss
-ынчы (-нчы)	бир+инчи, жети+нчи,үч+үнчү	first,seventh,third
-оо,-өө	бир+өө,алт+оо,беш+өө	one,six,five of them
-ча	отуз+ча,кырк+ча,жүз+чө	approximateley thirty,forty,hundred
-дай	беш+тей,он+дой,кырк+тай,жүз+дөй	almost five,ten,forty,hundred
-лаган	он+догон,жүз+дөгөн,миң+деген,кырк+таган	tens of,hundreds of, thousands of, forties of
-лар ?	эки+лер,уч+төр, он+дор	???