Latin and English/Contrastive Grammar - Revision history

Caitlinm: /* Conjugation */

2017-12-28T02:46:01Z

Conjugation

Caitlinm: /* Gender */

2017-12-28T02:45:11Z

Gender

Caitlinm at 02:41, 28 December 2017

2017-12-28T02:41:36Z

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Caitlinm at 01:58, 28 December 2017

2017-12-28T01:58:14Z

Caitlinm at 01:46, 28 December 2017

2017-12-28T01:46:02Z

Caitlinm at 00:24, 28 December 2017

2017-12-28T00:24:48Z

Caitlinm at 23:00, 27 December 2017

2017-12-27T23:00:03Z

Caitlinm at 20:52, 27 December 2017

2017-12-27T20:52:56Z

Caitlinm: Created page with "This page covers the differences between Latin and English. == Articles == == Diacritical Marks == == Nouns == === Gender === === Declension === == Verbs == == Word Ord..."

2017-12-27T02:04:36Z

Created page with "This page covers the differences between Latin and English. == Articles == == Diacritical Marks == == Nouns == === Gender === === Declension === == Verbs == == Word Ord..."

New page

This page covers the differences between Latin and English.

== Articles ==

== Diacritical Marks ==

== Nouns ==

=== Gender ===

=== Declension ===

== Verbs ==

== Word Order ==
In English, sentences are built around the SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) word order.

Although word order can be varied in Latin to emphasize different meanings, it is not a necessary component of comprehension, as it is in English. Instead, a word's function in a sentence is determined by its ending.

The following are sentences considered grammatically correct in Latin alongside literal English translations without word rearrangement.

* Puella ascendit arborem. - The girl climbs the tree.
* Puella arborem ascendit. - The girl the tree climbs.
* Arborem ascendit puella. - The tree climbs the girl.

@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 Latin and English both conjugate verbs according to person, tense, and number, but Latin separates its verbs into four conjugations: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th.
-These conjugations dictate principle vowel used in the verb ending. This system is not used in English, as verb spellings can vary widely from word to word.
+These conjugations dictate the principle vowel used in the verb ending. This system is not used in English, as verb spellings can vary widely from word to word.
 {| class="wikitable" border="1"

@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 === Gender ===
-English nouns do not have gender, but in Latin, a noun is either feminine, masculine, or neuter. Each gender has a unique set of word endings. These endings also affect any adjectives modifying the noun, since adjectives must match a noun's gender, number (singular/plural), and case. Because nouns in English have no gender, adjectives always remain the same, regardless of the noun it modifies.
+English nouns do not have gender, but in Latin, a noun is either feminine, masculine, or neuter. Each gender has a unique set of word endings. These endings also affect any adjectives modifying the noun, since adjectives must match a noun's gender, number (singular/plural), and case. Because nouns in English have no gender, adjectives in this language always remain the same, regardless of the noun it modifies.
 The following are three phrases, each containing a noun of a different gender, but paired with the same adjective.

@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 |}
 In Latin, however, there are only six:
+{| class="wikitable" border="1"
+|-
+! Tense
+! Example
+! English Translation
+|-
+| present
+| Ambulō.
+| I walk.
+|-
+| imperfect
+| Ambulābam.
+| I was walking.
+|-
+| future
+| Ambulābō
+| I will walk.
+|-
+| perfect
+| Ambulāvī.
+| I walked. (or) I have walked.
+|-
+| pluperfect
+| Ambulāveram.
+| I had walked.
+|-
+| future perfect
+| Ambulāverō.
+| I will have walked.
+|}
 == Word Order ==
 In English, sentences are built around the SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) word order.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-This page covers the differences between Latin and English.
+This page covers the grammatical differences between Latin and English.
 == Articles ==
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 === Tenses ===
+There are twelve tenses in English:
+{| class="wikitable" border="1"
+|-
+! Tense
+! Example
+|-
+| simple present
+| I walk.
+|-
+| simple past
+| I walked.
+|-
+| simple future
+| I will walk.
+|-
+| present perfect
+| I have walked.
+|-
+| past perfect
+| I had walked.
+|-
+| future perfect
+| I will have walked.
+|-
+| present progressive
+| I am walking.
+|-
+| past progressive
+| I was walking.
+|-
+| future progressive
+| I will be walking.
+|-
+| present perfect progressive
+| I have been walking.
+|-
+| past perfect progressive
+| I had been walking.
+|-
+| future perfect progressive
+| I will have been walking.
+|}
+In Latin, however, there are only six:
 == Word Order ==

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 === Cases ===
-In Latin, nouns have [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson02/lesson0203.htm/ cases], or word endings that determine a noun's function in a sentence. This characteristic is not present in English; Instead, the function of a noun is determined through sentence structure and additional words to provide context.
+In Latin, nouns have [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson02/lesson0203.htm/ cases] (either nominative, vocative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, or locative)— word endings that determine a noun's function in a sentence. This characteristic is not present in English; Instead, the function of a noun is determined through sentence structure and additional words to provide context.
+Below are three sentences translated from Latin to English. Each example contains the words "Marcus," which is a name, and "house," (in Latin, "domus.") The functions of these two words varies in each sentence, changing the cases of the words in Latin. The cases of the nouns have been noted in each example.
+# Marcus(nom.) domum(acc.) videt. - Marcus sees the house.
+# Marcī(gen.) domum(acc.) videō. - I see the house of Marcus.
+# Marcus(nom.) in domō(abl.) sedet. - Marcus sits in the house.
+To note that "Marcus" is the subject of the sentence, the nominative ending "-us" is used in sentences 1 and 3. To show possession, the genitive ending "-ī" is used in sentence 2.
+In the English translations, the name "Marcus" remains the same throughout. However, in sentences 1 and 3, "Marcus" is at the beginning of the sentences, making that word the subject. In sentence 2, the word "of" is added to note possession.
+To show that the house/domus is the direct object of the sentence, the accusative ending "-um" is used in sentences 1 and 2. The ablative ending "-ō" is used in sentence 3 to make the word "domō" part of the prepositional phrase, "in domō" (eng. translation: "in the house").
+In the English translations, the word "house" remains the same throughout. However, in sentences 1 and 2, the word "(the) house" follows the verb, making it the direct object. In sentence 3, the word "in" makes "house" part of the prepositional phrase, "in the house."
 === Gender ===

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 == Nouns ==
+=== Cases ===
+In Latin, nouns have [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson02/lesson0203.htm/ cases], or word endings that determine a noun's function in a sentence. This characteristic is not present in English; Instead, the function of a noun is determined through sentence structure and additional words to provide context.
 === Gender ===
+English nouns do not have gender, but in Latin, a noun is either feminine, masculine, or neuter. Each gender has a unique set of word endings. These endings also affect any adjectives modifying the noun, since adjectives must match a noun's gender, number (singular/plural), and case. Because nouns in English have no gender, adjectives always remain the same, regardless of the noun it modifies.
+The following are three phrases (Latin on the left, English on the right), each containing a noun of a different gender, but paired with the same adjective.
+* (masc.) Canis magnus - Big dog
+* (fem.) Arbor magna - Big tree
+* (neut.) Cubliculum magnum - Big room
+In the Latin versions, the ending of the adjective changes according to the gender of the noun. However, in the English counterparts, the adjective is unaffected by the noun.
-=== Declension ===
 == Verbs ==
@@ Line 29: / Line 41: @@
 The following are sentences considered grammatically correct in Latin alongside literal English translations without word rearrangement.
-* Puella ascendit arborem. - The girl climbs the tree.
+* Puella ascendit arborem. - The girl climbs the tree. (This is the only word arrangement that makes sense in English)
 * Puella arborem ascendit. - The girl the tree climbs.
 * Arborem ascendit puella. - The tree climbs the girl.

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == Articles ==
+The articles "a," "an," and "the" are used in English in conjunction with nouns to determine if the speaker is referring to a specific noun (in which case the speaker would use "the") or a nonspecific noun (in which case the speaker would use "a"/"an"). Latin does not use this part of speech, and instead requires more context to determine the properties of the noun.
+Below are three different ways of translating the same Latin sentence into English.
-== Diacritical Marks ==
+* Puella legit. - The girl reads.
+* Puella legit. - A girl reads.
+* Puella legit. - Girl reads. (Note: Because it lacks an article, this sentence is grammatically incorrect in English.)
 == Nouns ==
@@ Line 12: / Line 17: @@
 == Verbs ==
+=== Conjugation ===
+=== Tenses ===
 == Word Order ==
 In English, sentences are built around the SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) word order.
-Although word order can be varied in Latin to emphasize different meanings, it is not a necessary component of comprehension, as it is in English. Instead, a word's function in a sentence is determined by its ending.
+In Latin, although word order can be varied to emphasize different meanings, it is not a necessary component of comprehension. Instead, a word's function in a sentence is determined by its ending.
 The following are sentences considered grammatically correct in Latin alongside literal English translations without word rearrangement.