English and Malay/Contrastive grammar - Revision history

Darkgaia at 04:39, 10 January 2015

2015-01-10T04:39:42Z

Darkgaia at 04:33, 10 January 2015

2015-01-10T04:33:07Z

Darkgaia at 04:32, 10 January 2015

2015-01-10T04:32:09Z

Darkgaia: /* Personal Pronouns */

2015-01-08T13:59:53Z

Personal Pronouns

Darkgaia: /* Plural */

2015-01-08T13:59:16Z

Plural

Darkgaia: /* Questions */

2015-01-05T08:51:58Z

Questions

Darkgaia: /* Determiners */

2015-01-05T08:45:46Z

Determiners

Darkgaia: /* Yes/No Questions */

2015-01-04T05:47:57Z

Yes/No Questions

Darkgaia: /* Yes/No Questions */

2015-01-04T05:46:31Z

Yes/No Questions

Darkgaia: /* Open Ended Questions */

2015-01-04T05:07:14Z

Open Ended Questions

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 * {{test|en|a/the father|bapa}}
 * {{test|en|a/the door|pintu}}
-===Subject Prominence===
-Every sentence in English requires a subject. The subject can be a proper name, pronoun, or something else. But in Malay, the subject can be omitted, with the use of a suffix, "-nya", to reference a particular noun in a '''conversation'''. It is somewhat similar to "his" or "her" in English, but the subject must have been previously referenced in the context.
-* {{test|ma|John sedih kerana ibuyna marah.|John is sad because (his) mother is angry.}}
-* {{test|ma|Cikgu memberi Jack kerjarumahnya.|Teacher gave Jack (his) homework.}}
-* {{test|ma|Mary ambil bukunya.|Mary took (her) book.}}
-* {{test|ma|Jessica terlupa namanya.|Jessica forgot (her) name.}}
-* {{test|ma|Priscilla suka begnya.|Priscilla loves (her) bag.}}
-* {{test|ma|Ibuyna marah.|(His) mother is angry. (John must have been referenced previously in a sentence)}}
-* {{test|ma|Cikgu memberi kerjarumahnya.|Teacher gave (Jack his) homework.}}
-If the noun is first referenced in the conversation or text, or if the subject being referenced is ambiguous, then there is no need for "-nya".
-* {{test|ma|Bapa memberi John ais-krim.|Father gave John ice cream.}}
-* {{test|ma|Saya bermain bola.|I played ball.}}
-* {{test|ma|Mary beritahu John tentang kucing baru Jack.|Mary told John about Jack's new dog.}}
-* {{test|ma|Mereka makan makanan malam.|They ate dinner.}}
-* {{test|ma|John dan Jack pergi ke perpustakaan di dalam kereta John.|John and Jack went to the library in John's car.}}
-There is also a word, 'tersebut', that is used to reference previously-mentioned objects, nouns, or ideas, from a longer text or conversation. A good translation of this word to english is "the aforementioned" or "the above".
-* {{test|ma|Sila mengikuti arahan tersebut.|Please follow '''the aforementioned''' instructions.}}
-* {{test|ma|Memberi saya buku tersebut.|Give me '''the aforementioned''' book.}}
-* {{test|ma|John membaca cerita tersebut.|John read '''the above''' story.}}
-* {{test|ma|Pencuri tersebut mencuri dompet ibu.|'''The aforementioned''' thief stole mother's wallet.}}
-* {{test|ma|Arash mencuci kereta tersebut.|Arash washed '''the aforementioned''' car.}}
 ===Possession===

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 * {{test|ma|Manusia selalu menguna ubat doktor.|(Good English: People always use the doctor's medicine.) (Literal English: People always use medicine doctor.)}}
-=="-nya"==
+==="-nya"===
 In Malay, there is a special suffix, "-nya", to reference a particular noun in a '''conversation'''. It is somewhat similar to "his" or "her" in English, but the subject must have been previously referenced in the context. So, it is a 3rd person possessor, and it's written together with the noun instead of separately like first person is.
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 * {{test|ma|Jessica terlupa namanya.|Jessica forgot (her) name.}}
 * {{test|ma|Priscilla suka begnya.|Priscilla loves (her) bag.}}
+* {{test|ma|Kimiunya ulangkaji.|Chemistry is being studied. (by Tom)}}
 * {{test|ma|Ibunya marah.|(His) mother is angry. (John must have been referenced previously in a sentence)}}

@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 * {{test|ma|Baju putih terbesar untuk saya.|(Good English: The white clothes are too big for me.) (Literal English: Coat white too big for me.)}}
 * {{test|ma|Manusia selalu menguna ubat doktor.|(Good English: People always use the doctor's medicine.) (Literal English: People always use medicine doctor.)}}
+=="-nya"==
+In Malay, there is a special suffix, "-nya", to reference a particular noun in a '''conversation'''. It is somewhat similar to "his" or "her" in English, but the subject must have been previously referenced in the context. So, it is a 3rd person possessor, and it's written together with the noun instead of separately like first person is.
+* {{test|ma|John sedih kerana ibunya marah.|John is sad because (his) mother is angry.}}
+* {{test|ma|Cikgu memberi Jack kerjarumahnya.|Teacher gave Jack (his) homework.}}
+* {{test|ma|Mary ambil bukunya.|Mary took (her) book.}}
+* {{test|ma|Jessica terlupa namanya.|Jessica forgot (her) name.}}
+* {{test|ma|Priscilla suka begnya.|Priscilla loves (her) bag.}}
+* {{test|ma|Ibunya marah.|(His) mother is angry. (John must have been referenced previously in a sentence)}}
+* {{test|ma|Cikgu memberi kerjarumahnya.|Teacher gave (Jack his) homework.}}
+If the noun is first referenced in the conversation or text, or if the subject being referenced is ambiguous, then there is no need for "-nya".
+* {{test|ma|Bapa memberi John ais-krim.|Father gave John ice cream.}}
+* {{test|ma|Saya bermain bola.|I played ball.}}
+* {{test|ma|Mary beritahu John tentang kucing baru Jack.|Mary told John about Jack's new dog.}}
+* {{test|ma|Mereka makan makanan malam.|They ate dinner.}}
+* {{test|ma|John dan Jack pergi ke perpustakaan di dalam kereta John.|John and Jack went to the library in John's car.}}
+There is also a word, 'tersebut', that is used to reference previously-mentioned objects, nouns, or ideas, from a longer text or conversation. A good translation of this word to english is "the aforementioned" or "the above".
+* {{test|ma|Sila mengikuti arahan tersebut.|Please follow '''the aforementioned''' instructions.}}
+* {{test|ma|Memberi saya buku tersebut.|Give me '''the aforementioned''' book.}}
+* {{test|ma|John membaca cerita tersebut.|John read '''the above''' story.}}
+* {{test|ma|Pencuri tersebut mencuri dompet ibu.|'''The aforementioned''' thief stole mother's wallet.}}
+* {{test|ma|Arash mencuci kereta tersebut.|Arash washed '''the aforementioned''' car.}}
 ===Determiners===

@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 ===Personal Pronouns===
 In Malay, the verb doesn't agree in number and person with the pronoun. This is unlike English
-* {{test|ma|Saya bermain bola sepak|I played soccer.}}
+* {{test|ma|Saya bermain bola sepak|I play soccer.}}
-* {{test|ma|Awak bermain bola sepak|You (singular) played soccer.}}
+* {{test|ma|Awak bermain bola sepak|You (singular) play soccer.}}
-* {{test|ma|Dia bermain bola sepak|He/she played soccer.}}
+* {{test|ma|Dia bermain bola sepak|He/she play soccer.}}
 (In Malay, there are no distinctions between he or she.)
-* {{test|ma|Kami bermain bola sepak|We played soccer}}
+* {{test|ma|Kami bermain bola sepak|We play soccer}}
-* {{test|ma|Kamu bermain bola sepak|You all (plural) played soccer.}}
+* {{test|ma|Kamu bermain bola sepak|You all (plural) play soccer.}}
 * {{test|ma|Mereka bermain bola sepak|They play soccer.}}

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 ===Plural===
-English expresses plural explicitly by the suffixes '-s' and '-es'. Malay on the other hand expresses plural implicitly. There are no definite rules on creating plural form of a word in Malay, except by duplicating the word. That means that plural form of a word can depend on the context.
+English expresses plural explicitly by the suffixes '-s' and '-es'. Malay on the other hand expresses plural implicitly. There are no definite rules on creating plural form of a word in Malay, except by duplicating the word in the likes of "Buku-buku" (Books) and "Beg-beg" (Bags). That means that plural form of a word can depend on the context.
 For example, the sentence "Serigala itu binatang" can have three interpretations outside of context:

@@ Line 220: / Line 220: @@
 In English, we put the question word at the front, then the auxiliary verb, then the subject, e.g. "When will you be back?". In Malay,  "-kah" is attached to the question word, which goes at the beginning of the question. So, the above is translated into "Bilakah awak pulang?". Remember that the verb 'be' need not be translated as well.
-* {{test|en|How did you win?|Bagaimanakah awak jaya?}}
+* {{test|en|How did you win?|Bagaimanakah awak jaya?}} (Literal English: How you win?)
-* {{test|en|Why did you win?|Mengapakah awak jaya?}}
+* {{test|en|Why did you win?|Mengapakah awak jaya?}}   (Literal English: Why you win?)
-* {{test|en|When did you win?|Bilakah awak jaya?}}
+* {{test|en|When did you win?|Bilakah awak jaya?}}     (Literal English: When you win?)
-* {{test|en|Who won?|Siapakah menjaya?}}
+* {{test|en|Who won?|Siapakah menjaya?}} (Literal English: Who won?)
 ===Yes/No Questions===
 In English, we put our auxiliary verbs at the beginning, followed by the subject, followed by the main verb phrase, e.g. "Did you paint the house?". In Malay, the auxiliary verb is also omitted, but the question word is not necessarily at the start of the sentence. In fact, in some cases, '-kah' is not necessary.
-* {{test|en|Are you hungry?|Awak laparkah?}}
+* {{test|en|Are you hungry?|Awak laparkah?}} (Literal English: You hungry?)
-* {{test|en|Did you eat? / Have you eaten?|Awak sudah makan?}}
+* {{test|en|Did you eat? / Have you eaten?|Awak sudah makan?}} (Literal English: You already ate?)
-* {{test|en|Did you paint the house? / Have you painted the house?|Awak sudah mencatkan rumah? }}
+* {{test|en|Did you paint the house? / Have you painted the house?|Awak sudah mencatkan rumah? }} (Literal English: You already painted house?)
-* {{test|en|Will you come tomorrow?|Adakah awak datang hari esok?}}
+* {{test|en|Will you come tomorrow?|Adakah awak datang hari esok?}} (Literal English: Have you arrived tomorrow?)

@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 ===Determiners===
-In Malay, the determiner comes before the noun in English, but after the noun in Malay.
+In English, the determiner comes before the noun. But in Malay, the determiner comes after the noun.
 * {{test|ma|Saya suka buku ini|I like this book.}}
 * {{test|ma|Saya suka buku itu|I like that book}}

@@ Line 229: / Line 229: @@
 * {{test|en|Are you hungry?|Awak laparkah?}}
-* {{test|en|Did you eat?|Awak sudah makan? (Have you eaten?)}}
+* {{test|en|Did you eat?/Have you eaten?|Awak sudah makan?}}
-* {{test|en|Did you paint the house?|Awak sudah mencatkan rumah? (Have you painted the house?)}}
+* {{test|en|Did you paint the house?/Have you painted the house?|Awak sudah mencatkan rumah? }}
 * {{test|en|Will you come tomorrow?|Adakah awak datang hari esok?}}

@@ Line 218: / Line 218: @@
 ==Questions==
 ===Open Ended Questions===
-In English, we put the question word at the front, then the auxiliary verb, then the subject, e.g. "When will you be back?". In Malay, the auxiliary verb is omitted, and replaced with a "-kah" suffix. So, the above is translated into "Bilakah awak pulang?". Remember that the verb 'be' need not be translated as well. The question word, like in English, remains at the front of the sentence.
+In English, we put the question word at the front, then the auxiliary verb, then the subject, e.g. "When will you be back?". In Malay,  "-kah" is attached to the question word, which goes at the beginning of the question. So, the above is translated into "Bilakah awak pulang?". Remember that the verb 'be' need not be translated as well.
 * {{test|en|How did you win?|Bagaimanakah awak jaya?}}