English and Indonesian/Contrastive grammar - Revision history

Darkgaia: /* Moving Prepositions */

2015-12-08T15:19:53Z

Moving Prepositions

Darkgaia at 15:15, 8 December 2015

2015-12-08T15:15:49Z

Darkgaia at 15:01, 8 December 2015

2015-12-08T15:01:04Z

Darkgaia: /* Personal Pronouns */

2015-12-08T08:46:36Z

Personal Pronouns

Darkgaia at 08:33, 8 December 2015

2015-12-08T08:33:29Z

Darkgaia: /* Yes/No Questions */

2015-12-08T08:30:15Z

Yes/No Questions

Darkgaia: /* Tense Conjugations */

2015-12-08T08:28:18Z

Tense Conjugations

Darkgaia: /* Adjectives */

2015-12-08T08:22:56Z

Adjectives

Darkgaia: /* Terms of Address */

2015-12-08T08:22:35Z

Terms of Address

Darkgaia: /* Determiners */

2015-12-08T08:20:16Z

Determiners

@@ Line 222: / Line 222: @@
 ===Moving Prepositions===
-In Indonesian, a different word is used to indicate "to" and "from" depending on the context. If the subject is moving to/from a place, the Indonesian equivalent is "ke/dari". But if the subject is receiving an object from another person, the Indonesian equivalent is "kepada/daripada". The "pada" suffix indicated receiving something from another person.
+In Indonesian, a different word is used to indicate "to" depending on the context. If the subject is moving to a place, the Indonesian equivalent is "ke". But if the subject is receiving an object from another person, the Indonesian equivalent is "kepada". The "pada" suffix indicated receiving something from another person.
-* {{test|eng|He came home from school.|Dia pulang dari sekolah}}
 * {{test|eng|He went to school.|Dia pergi ke sekolah}}
-* {{test|eng|He received a letter from Father.|Dia diberi surat daripada bapak.}}
 * {{test|eng|Father gave him a letter.|Bapak memberi surat kepada dia.}}

@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 * {{test|ind|Manusia selalu menguna obat dokter.|People always use the doctor's medicine.|People always use medicine doctor.}}
 * {{test|ind|Baju putih terbesar untuk saya.|The white clothes are too big for me.|Coat white too big for me.}}
-* {{test|ind|Bapa saya pergi ke sekolah.|My father went to school.|Father my went to school.}}
+* {{test|ind|Bapak saya pergi ke sekolah.|My father went to school.|Father my went to school.}}
 * {{test|ind|Ibu saya suka makan kacang.|My mother likes eating peanuts.|Mother my likes eating peanuts.}}
 * {{test|ind|Kucing saya mau makan.|My cat wants to eat.|Cat my wants eat.}}
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 * {{test|ind|John sedih karena ibunya marah.|John is sad because his mother is angry.}}
-* {{test|ind|Cikgu memberi Jack kerjarumahnya.|Teacher gave Jack his homework.}}
+* {{test|ind|Guru memberi Jack kerjarumahnya.|Teacher gave Jack his homework.}}
 * {{test|ind|Mary ambil bukunya.|Mary took her book.}}
 * {{test|ind|Jessica terlupa namanya.|Jessica forgot her name.}}
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 * {{test|ind|Ibunya marah.|Someone's mother is angry.}}
-* {{test|ind|Cikgu memberi kerjarumahnya.|Teacher gave somebody homework.}}
+* {{test|ind|Guru memberi kerjarumahnya.|Teacher gave somebody homework.}}
 If the noun is first referenced in the conversation or text, or if the subject being referenced is ambiguous, then there is no need for "-nya".
-* {{test|ind|Bapa memberi John ais-krim.|Father gave John ice cream.}}
+* {{test|ind|Bapak memberi John es-krim.|Father gave John ice cream.}}
 * {{test|ind|Saya bermain bola.|I played ball.}}
-* {{test|ind|Mary beritahu John tentang kucing baru Jack.|Mary told John about Jack's new dog.}}
+* {{test|ind|Mary beritahu John tentang kucing baru Jack.|Mary told John about Jack's new cat.}}
 * {{test|ind|Mereka makan makanan malam.|They ate dinner.}}
-* {{test|ind|John dan Jack pergi ke perpustakaan di dalam kereta John.|John and Jack went to the library in John's car.}}
+* {{test|ind|John dan Jack pergi ke perpustakaan di dalam mobil John.|John and Jack went to the library in John's car.}}
 There is also a word, 'tersebut', that is used as a anaphoric reference for previously-mentioned objects, nouns, or ideas, from a longer text or conversation. A good translation of this word to English is "the aforementioned" or "the above".
@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 * {{test|ind|Sila mengikuti arahan tersebut.|Please follow '''the aforementioned''' instructions.}}
 * {{test|ind|John membaca cerita tersebut.|John read '''the above''' story.}}
-* {{test|ind|Arash mencuci kereta tersebut.|Arash washed '''the aforementioned''' car.}}
+* {{test|ind|Arash mencuci mobil tersebut.|Arash washed '''the aforementioned''' car.}}
 ===Determiners===
@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 ===Personal Pronouns===
 In Indonesian, the verb doesn't agree in number and person with the pronoun. This is unlike English.
-* {{test|ind|Saya bermain bola sepak|I play football.}}
+* {{test|ind|Saya bermain sepakbola|I play football.}}
-* {{test|ind|Awak bermain bola sepak|You play football.}}
+* {{test|ind|Awak bermain sepakbola|You play football.}}
-* {{test|ind|Dia bermain bola sepak|He plays football.}}
+* {{test|ind|Dia bermain sepakbola|He plays football.}}
 (In Indonesian, there are no distinctions between he or she.)
-* {{test|ind|Kami bermain bola sepak|We play football}}
+* {{test|ind|Kami bermain sepakbola|We play football}}
-* {{test|ind|Kamu bermain bola sepak|You all play football.}}
+* {{test|ind|Kamu bermain sepakbola|You all play football.}}
-* {{test|ind|Mereka bermain bola sepak|They play football.}}
+* {{test|ind|Mereka bermain sepakbola|They play football.}}
 ===Terms of Address===
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 * {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Anda sudah makan?}} (To a formal guest)
 * {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Awak sudah makan?}} (To a friend or informally)
-* {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Bapa sudah makan?}} (To father)
+* {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Bapak sudah makan?}} (To father)
 * {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Ibu sudah makan?}} (To mother)
 * {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Adik sudah makan?}} (To younger sibling)
@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 *{{test|ind|anak kecil|little sister|sister little}}
 *{{test|ind|lelaki tinggi|tall boy|boy tall}}
-*{{test|ind|cikgu gemuk|fat teacher|teacher fat}}
+*{{test|ind|guru gemuk|fat teacher|teacher fat}}
 *{{test|ind|ibu cantik|beautiful mother|mother beautiful}}
 *{{test|ind|kotak tinggi|tall box|box tall}}
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 In this sentence, the verb 'is' has no equivalent in the Indonesian language.
-* {{test|eng|He is a teacher|Dia se-orang cikgu}}
+* {{test|eng|He is a teacher|Dia se-orang guru}}
-* {{test|eng|He is a teacher|Dia ada se-orang cikgu}}
+* {{test|eng|He is a teacher|Dia ada se-orang guru}}
 The English sentence has two grammatical Indonesian translations. In this case, the verb 'is' may or may not be translated and both are correct in Indonesian language.
@@ Line 226: / Line 226: @@
 * {{test|eng|He came home from school.|Dia pulang dari sekolah}}
 * {{test|eng|He went to school.|Dia pergi ke sekolah}}
-* {{test|eng|He received a letter from Father.|Dia diberi surat daripada bapa.}}
+* {{test|eng|He received a letter from Father.|Dia diberi surat daripada bapak.}}
-* {{test|eng|Father gave him a letter.|Bapa memberi surat kepada dia.}}
+* {{test|eng|Father gave him a letter.|Bapak memberi surat kepada dia.}}
 ==Questions==

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 ===Possession===
 In English the possession is possessor before possessee. However, in Indonesian, it is possessee before possessor.
-* {{test|ind|Manusia selalu menguna ubat doktor.|People always use the doctor's medicine.|People always use medicine doctor.}}
+* {{test|ind|Manusia selalu menguna obat dokter.|People always use the doctor's medicine.|People always use medicine doctor.}}
 * {{test|ind|Baju putih terbesar untuk saya.|The white clothes are too big for me.|Coat white too big for me.}}
 * {{test|ind|Bapa saya pergi ke sekolah.|My father went to school.|Father my went to school.}}
 * {{test|ind|Ibu saya suka makan kacang.|My mother likes eating peanuts.|Mother my likes eating peanuts.}}
-* {{test|ind|Kucing saya mahu makan.|My cat wants to eat.|Cat my wants eat.}}
+* {{test|ind|Kucing saya mau makan.|My cat wants to eat.|Cat my wants eat.}}
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 In Indonesian, there is a special suffix, "-nya", to reference a particular noun in a '''conversation'''. It is an anaphoric reference to a previously defined third person possessor. Furthermore, it's written together with the noun instead of separately like first person is.
-* {{test|ind|John sedih kerana ibunya marah.|John is sad because his mother is angry.}}
+* {{test|ind|John sedih karena ibunya marah.|John is sad because his mother is angry.}}
 * {{test|ind|Cikgu memberi Jack kerjarumahnya.|Teacher gave Jack his homework.}}
 * {{test|ind|Mary ambil bukunya.|Mary took her book.}}
 * {{test|ind|Jessica terlupa namanya.|Jessica forgot her name.}}
-* {{test|ind|Priscilla suka begnya.|Priscilla loves her bag.}}
+* {{test|ind|Priscilla suka kucingnya.|Priscilla loves her cat.}}
 * {{test|ind|Kimiunya ulangkaji.|Chemistry is being studied by somebody.}}

@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 * {{test|ind|Saya bermain bola sepak|I play football.}}
 * {{test|ind|Awak bermain bola sepak|You play football.}}
-* {{test|ind|Dia bermain bola sepak|He play football.}}
+* {{test|ind|Dia bermain bola sepak|He plays football.}}
 (In Indonesian, there are no distinctions between he or she.)
 * {{test|ind|Kami bermain bola sepak|We play football}}

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ===Indefinite and Definite===
 In Indonesian, there is no usage of articles. For instance, translating a noun with a preceding article in English to Indonesian will render this result:
-* {{test|en|a table|meja}}
+* {{test|eng|a table|meja}}
-* {{test|en|the table|meja}}
+* {{test|eng|the table|meja}}
-* {{test|en|a boy|lelaki}}
+* {{test|eng|a boy|lelaki}}
-* {{test|en|the boy|lelaki}}
+* {{test|eng|the boy|lelaki}}
-* {{test|en|a bottle|botol}}
+* {{test|eng|a bottle|botol}}
-* {{test|en|the bottle|botol}}
+* {{test|eng|the bottle|botol}}
-* {{test|en|a cat|kucing}}
+* {{test|eng|a cat|kucing}}
-* {{test|en|the cat|kucing}}
+* {{test|eng|the cat|kucing}}
-* {{test|en|a door|pintu}}
+* {{test|eng|a door|pintu}}
-* {{test|en|the door|pintu}}
+* {{test|eng|the door|pintu}}
 ===Possession===
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 * {{test|ind|Saya bermain bola sepak|I play football.}}
 * {{test|ind|Awak bermain bola sepak|You play football.}}
-* {{test|ind|Dia bermain bola sepak|He/she play football.}}
+* {{test|ind|Dia bermain bola sepak|He play football.}}
 (In Indonesian, there are no distinctions between he or she.)
 * {{test|ind|Kami bermain bola sepak|We play football}}
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 In Indonesian, the term of address is to differentiate positions of people. It is also used to show politeness in conversation. In English, such terms are not used. English only addresses "You" to all of their interlocutors.
-* {{test|en|Have you eaten?|Anda sudah makan?}} (To a formal guest)
+* {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Anda sudah makan?}} (To a formal guest)
-* {{test|en|Have you eaten?|Awak sudah makan?}} (To a friend or informally)
+* {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Awak sudah makan?}} (To a friend or informally)
-* {{test|en|Have you eaten?|Bapa sudah makan?}} (To father)
+* {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Bapa sudah makan?}} (To father)
-* {{test|en|Have you eaten?|Ibu sudah makan?}} (To mother)
+* {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Ibu sudah makan?}} (To mother)
-* {{test|en|Have you eaten?|Adik sudah makan?}} (To younger sibling)
+* {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Adik sudah makan?}} (To younger sibling)
 ==Adjectives==
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 The verb "be" may or may not have its equivalent in the Indonesian language.
-* {{test|en|He is clever.|Dia pandai}}
+* {{test|eng|He is clever.|Dia pandai}}
 In this sentence, the verb 'is' has no equivalent in the Indonesian language.
-* {{test|en|He is a teacher|Dia se-orang cikgu}}
+* {{test|eng|He is a teacher|Dia se-orang cikgu}}
-* {{test|en|He is a teacher|Dia ada se-orang cikgu}}
+* {{test|eng|He is a teacher|Dia ada se-orang cikgu}}
 The English sentence has two grammatical Indonesian translations. In this case, the verb 'is' may or may not be translated and both are correct in Indonesian language.
-* {{test|en|He is at home|Dia ada di rumah}}
+* {{test|eng|He is at home|Dia ada di rumah}}
 The verb 'is' is usually translated into 'ada' when the sentence stands alone, but in some situations like an answer of a question: "Dimana dia?" (Where is he?), the question may be answered, "Dia di rumah". The word 'ada' is elliptic.
@@ Line 214: / Line 214: @@
 Prepositions in Indonesian follow a similar format to English, but there is only one word to indicate it is a preposition, "di", with the direction modifier behind it. "di" alone means "at".
-* {{test|en|above the table|di atas meja}}
+* {{test|eng|above the table|di atas meja}}
-* {{test|en|below the table|di bawah meja}}
+* {{test|eng|below the table|di bawah meja}}
-* {{test|en|near me|di dekat saya}}
+* {{test|eng|near me|di dekat saya}}
-* {{test|en|far from me|di jauh saya}}
+* {{test|eng|far from me|di jauh saya}}
-* {{test|en|He is at home.|Dia ada di rumah.}}
+* {{test|eng|He is at home.|Dia ada di rumah.}}
 ===Moving Prepositions===
 In Indonesian, a different word is used to indicate "to" and "from" depending on the context. If the subject is moving to/from a place, the Indonesian equivalent is "ke/dari". But if the subject is receiving an object from another person, the Indonesian equivalent is "kepada/daripada". The "pada" suffix indicated receiving something from another person.
-* {{test|en|He came home from school.|Dia pulang dari sekolah}}
+* {{test|eng|He came home from school.|Dia pulang dari sekolah}}
-* {{test|en|He went to school.|Dia pergi ke sekolah}}
+* {{test|eng|He went to school.|Dia pergi ke sekolah}}
-* {{test|en|He received a letter from Father.|Dia diberi surat daripada bapa.}}
+* {{test|eng|He received a letter from Father.|Dia diberi surat daripada bapa.}}
-* {{test|en|Father gave him a letter.|Bapa memberi surat kepada dia.}}
+* {{test|eng|Father gave him a letter.|Bapa memberi surat kepada dia.}}
 ==Questions==
@@ Line 233: / Line 233: @@
 In English, we put the question word at the front, then the auxiliary verb, then the subject, e.g. "When will you be back?". In Indonesian,  "-kah" is attached to the question word, which goes at the beginning of the question. So, the above is translated into "Bilakah awak pulang?". Remember that the verb 'be' need not be translated as well.
-* {{test|en|How did you win?|Bagaimanakah awak jaya?|How you win?}}
+* {{test|eng|How did you win?|Bagaimanakah awak jaya?|How you win?}}
-* {{test|en|Why did you win?|Mengapakah awak jaya?|Why you win?}}
+* {{test|eng|Why did you win?|Mengapakah awak jaya?|Why you win?}}
-* {{test|en|When did you win?|Bilakah awak jaya?|When you win?}}
+* {{test|eng|When did you win?|Bilakah awak jaya?|When you win?}}
-* {{test|en|Who won?|Siapakah menjaya?|Who won?}}
+* {{test|eng|Who won?|Siapakah menjaya?|Who won?}}
 ===Yes/No Questions===

@@ Line 241: / Line 241: @@
 In English, we put our auxiliary verbs at the beginning, followed by the subject, followed by the main verb phrase, e.g. "Did you paint the house?". In Indonesian, the auxiliary verb is also omitted, but the question word is not necessarily at the start of the sentence. In fact, in some cases, '-kah' is not necessary.
-* {{test|en|Are you hungry?|Awak laparkah?|You hungry?}}
+* {{test|eng|Are you hungry?|Awak laparkah?|You hungry?}}
-* {{test|en|Did you eat? / Have you eaten?|Awak sudah makan?|You already ate?}}
+* {{test|eng|Have you eaten?|Awak sudah makan?|You already ate?}}
-* {{test|en|Did you paint the house? / Have you painted the house?|Awak sudah mencatkan rumah?|You already painted house?}}
+* {{test|eng|Have you painted the house?|Awak sudah mencatkan rumah?|You already painted house?}}
-* {{test|en|Will you come tomorrow?|Adakah awak datang hari esok?|Have you arrived tomorrow?}}
+* {{test|eng|Will you come tomorrow?|Adakah awak datang hari esok?|Have you arrived tomorrow?}}

@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 However, in Indonesian, prefixes added to the verbs make the tense understood.
-* {{test|id|Saya pergi|I went}}
+* {{test|ind|Saya pergi|I went}}
-* {{test|id|Awak pergi|You went}}
+* {{test|ind|Awak pergi|You went}}
-* {{test|id|Dia pergi|He/She went}}
+* {{test|ind|Dia pergi|He went}}
-* {{test|id|Kami pergi|We went}}
+* {{test|ind|Kami pergi|We went}}
-* {{test|id|Kamu pergi|You all went}}
+* {{test|ind|Kamu pergi|You all went}}
-* {{test|id|Mereka pergi|They went}}
+* {{test|ind|Mereka pergi|They went}}
-* {{test|id|Saya menjerit|I screamed}}
+* {{test|ind|Saya menjerit|I screamed}}
-* {{test|id|Awak menjerit|You screamed}}
+* {{test|ind|Awak menjerit|You screamed}}
-* {{test|id|Dia menjerit|He/She screamed}}
+* {{test|ind|Dia menjerit|He screamed}}
-* {{test|id|Kami menjerit|We screamed}}
+* {{test|ind|Kami menjerit|We screamed}}
-* {{test|id|Kamu menjerit|You all screamed}}
+* {{test|ind|Kamu menjerit|You all screamed}}
-* {{test|id|Mereka menjerit|They screamed}}
+* {{test|ind|Mereka menjerit|They screamed}}
-* {{test|id|Saya melihat|I saw}}
+* {{test|ind|Saya melihat|I saw}}
-* {{test|id|Awak melihat|You saw}}
+* {{test|ind|Awak melihat|You saw}}
-* {{test|id|Dia melihat|He/She/It saw}}
+* {{test|ind|Dia melihat|He saw}}
-* {{test|id|Kami melihat|We saw}}
+* {{test|ind|Kami melihat|We saw}}
-* {{test|id|Kamu melihat|You all saw}}
+* {{test|ind|Kamu melihat|You all saw}}
-* {{test|id|Mereka melihat|They saw}}
+* {{test|ind|Mereka melihat|They saw}}
@@ Line 186: / Line 186: @@
 * {{test|ind|Saya dipergi|I have gone}}
 * {{test|ind|Awak dipergi|You have gone}}
-* {{test|ind|Dia dipergi|He/She has gone}}
+* {{test|ind|Dia dipergi|He has gone}}
 * {{test|ind|Kami dipergi|We have gone}}
 * {{test|ind|Kamu dipergi|You all have gone}}
@@ Line 195: / Line 195: @@
 * {{test|ind|Saya dijerit|I have screamed}}
 * {{test|ind|Awak dijerit|You have screamed}}
-* {{test|ind|Dia dijerit|He/She has screamed}}
+* {{test|ind|Dia dijerit|He has screamed}}
 * {{test|ind|Kami dijerit|We have screamed}}
 * {{test|ind|Kamu dijerit|You all have screamed}}
@@ Line 204: / Line 204: @@
 * {{test|ind|Saya dilihat|I have seen}}
 * {{test|ind|Awak dilihat|You have seen}}
-* {{test|ind|Dia dilihat|He/She has seen}}
+* {{test|ind|Dia dilihat|He has seen}}
 * {{test|ind|Kami dilihat|We have seen}}
 * {{test|ind|Kamu dilihat|You all have seen}}

@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 Adjectives in Indonesian succeed the nouns they modify, unlike English which has the adjective precede the noun it is modifying.
-*{{test|ind|rambut hitam|black hair|hair black}
+*{{test|ind|rambut hitam|black hair|hair black}}
 *{{test|ind|ikan besar|big fish|fish big}}
 *{{test|ind|anak kecil|little sister|sister little}}

@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 * {{test|ind|Saya suka buku itu|I like that book}}
 * {{test|ind|Saya suka buku ini|I like this book.}}
-* {{test|ind|Saya suka buku dia|I like his/her book.}}
+* {{test|ind|Saya suka buku dia|I like his book.}}
 * {{test|ind|Saya suka rambut ia|I like its hair.}}