Afrikaans and English/Contrastive grammar - Revision history

Andiqu: /* Homonieme (Homonyms) */

2018-02-17T17:41:10Z

Homonieme (Homonyms)

Andiqu: /* References */

2018-02-17T17:32:30Z

References

Andiqu at 17:31, 17 February 2018

2018-02-17T17:31:44Z

Andiqu: /* Woord order (Word order) */

2018-02-06T11:20:37Z

Woord order (Word order)

Andiqu: /* Woord order (Word order) */

2018-01-10T13:01:28Z

Woord order (Word order)

Andiqu: /* Joining 2 sentences */

2018-01-10T07:21:28Z

Joining 2 sentences

Andiqu: /* Verlede tyd (Past tense) */

2018-01-10T07:19:18Z

Verlede tyd (Past tense)

Andiqu: /* References */

2018-01-09T18:26:46Z

References

Andiqu: /* Ontkennende vorm (Negative form) */

2018-01-09T18:23:39Z

Ontkennende vorm (Negative form)

Andiqu: /* Intensiewe vorm (Intensive form) */

2018-01-09T18:22:56Z

Intensiewe vorm (Intensive form)

@@ Line 260: / Line 260: @@
 |-
 |bly || 'happy' or 'live/stay' || (AFR) Hulle ''bly'' waar hulle '''bly''' is; (EN) They are ''happy'' where they '''live'''
+|-
+|was || 'what', 'wax', or 'wash' || (AFR) Wat ''was'' '''was''' voor '''was''' ''was'' '''was'''?; (EN) What ''was'' '''wax''' before '''wax''' ''was'' '''wax'''?
 |}

@@ Line 266: / Line 266: @@
 * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar Wikipedia - Afrikaans Grammar]
 * [http://www.roekeloos.co.za/woordeboeke/intensiewe-vorme/ List of intensive form words]
+* [http://www.mieliestronk.com/]
 [[Category:Afrikaans]]

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 ** (EN) I '''recognize''' the man -> I '''recognized''' the man; (AFR) Ek '''herken''' die man -> Ek '''het''' die man '''herken'''
-* Sentences with 'begin', 'probeer', 'gaan', or 'laat' in them. No 'ge-' prefix is added, and the words get moved to the end of the sentence.
+* Sentences with 'begin', 'probeer', 'gaan', 'laat', 'hoor', 'sien', 'ruik', or 'voel' in them. No 'ge-' prefix is added, and the words get moved to the end of the sentence.
 ** (EN) I '''begin''' cooking it -> I '''began''' cooking it; (AFR) Ek '''begin''' dit kook -> Ek '''het''' dit '''begin kook'''
 ** (EN) I '''let''' him '''begin talking''' -> I '''let''' him '''begin talking'''; (AFR) Ek '''laat''' hom '''begin praat''' -> Ek '''het''' hom '''laat begin praat'''
-* For sentences with an infinitive at the end, the verb moves directly before the infinitive.
+* For sentences with an infinitive 'om ... te ''verb''' at the end, the verb moves directly before the infinitive.
 ** (EN) I '''like''' to run. -> I '''liked''' to run; (AFR) Ek '''hou''' daarvan om te hardloop. -> Ek '''het''' daarvan '''gehou''' om te hardloop.
@@ Line 178: / Line 178: @@
 * (AFR) Ek skop die bal. Die bal word deur my geskop; (EN) I kick the ball. The ball is kicked by me
-* (AFR) Ek het die kos geëet.
+* (AFR) Ek het die kos geëet. Die kos is deur my geëet; (EN) I ate the food. The food was eaten by me
 ==Verbs==
@@ Line 213: / Line 213: @@
 The conditional is indicated by the preterite form 'sou' + ''infinitive''.
 * (AFR) Ek sou kom; (Literal EN)  I should come; (EN) I would come
-Like other Germanic languages, Afrikaans also has an analytic passive voice that is formed in the present tense by using the auxiliary verb 'word' (to become) + ''past participle'', and, in the past tense, by using the auxiliary 'is' + ''past participle''. For example,
-* (AFR) Dit word gemaak; (EN) It is being made
-* (AFR) Dit is (Dis) gemaak; (EN) It is made, It was made, It has been made (so it already exists)
 Formal written Afrikaans also admits the construction of 'was gemaak' to indicate passive voice in the pluperfect, which in this case corresponds to 'had been made'. The meaning of the sentence can change based on which auxiliary verb is used (is/was).
 * 'is gemaak' implies that something has been made and is still in existence today, whereas 'was gemaak' implies that something had been made, but was destroyed or lost.
+==Miscellaneous==
+===Waar + ''preposition'' vs ''preposition'' + wie===
+'Waar + ''preposition'' ' is used for non-human objects only, while ' ''preposition'' + wie' is used for humans.
+* (AFR) Die seun '''in wie''' ek glo, is my broer; (EN) The boy who I believe in is my brother
+* (AFR) Die huis '''waarin''' ons bly, is baie groot; (EN) The house which we live in is big
+* (AFR) Die vrou '''vir wie''' ek lief, is my vriendin; (EN) The girl who I love is my girlfriend
+===Telling the time===
+In Afrikaans, when you say something that means something like 'half past seven', you literally say 'half to eight', much like other Germanic languages.
+* (AFR) Nou is dit halfagt; (EN Literal) It is now half eight; (EN) It is now half past seven
+* (AFR) Nou is dit halftien; (EN Literal) It is now half ten; (EN) It is now half past nine
+===Homonieme (Homonyms)===
+In Afrikaans, the word 'sy' has four different meanings depending on context: 'his' (possessive adjective), 'she' (personal pronoun), 'silk' (common noun), and 'side' (common noun). However, 'sy' meaning 'silk' and 'side' in Afrikaans text is extremely rarely used, but it still exists.
+* (AFR) '''Sy''' gee vir hom ''sy'' pen; (EN) '''She''' gives him ''his'' pen
+* (AFR) Hy eet ''sy'' kos; (EN) He eats ''his'' food
+* (AFR) '''Sy''' voel ''sy'' '''''sy''''' op die ander sy; (EN) '''She''' feels ''his'' '''''silk''''' on the other side
+Other (less complicated but more common) homonyms include:
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Afrikaans
+! English meanings
+! Example
+|-
+|weer || 'weather' or 'again' || (AFR) Ons het ''weer'' slegte '''weer'''!; (EN) We have bad '''weather''' ''again''!
+|-
+|deur || 'door' or 'through' || (AFR) Ek loop ''deur'' die '''deur'''; (EN) I walk ''through'' the '''door'''
+|-
+|as || 'ash' or 'if' || (AFR) ''As'' hy die '''as''' eet; (EN) ''If'' he eats the '''ash'''
+|-
+|nooi || 'girlfriend' or 'invite' || (AFR) Ek ''nooi'' my '''nooi''' uit; (EN) I ''invite'' my '''girlfriend''' out
+|-
+|waar || 'where' or 'true' || (AFR) ''Waar'' is dit '''waar'''?; (EN) ''Where'' is it '''true'''?
+|-
+|bly || 'happy' or 'live/stay' || (AFR) Hulle ''bly'' waar hulle '''bly''' is; (EN) They are ''happy'' where they '''live'''
+|}
 ==References==

@@ Line 172: / Line 172: @@
 Note that Afrikaans is a verb-second language like German and Dutch, so verb 1 always comes second, no matter what you start with.
+===Passive voice===
+In Afrikaans, passive voice is shown by starting the sentence with the object, followed by 'word deur' (become through) if in the present tense or 'is deur' (was through) if in past tense, then followed by the subject, and then the rest of the sentence, but with the finite verb becoming past tense.
+* (AFR) Ek skop die bal. Die bal word deur my geskop; (EN) I kick the ball. The ball is kicked by me
+* (AFR) Ek het die kos geëet.
 ==Verbs==

@@ Line 171: / Line 171: @@
 * (AFR) Ek moet die kos eet om vet te wees; (Literal EN) I must the food eat to become fat; (EN) I must eat the food to become fat
-Note that verb 1 always comes second, no matter what you start with.
+Note that Afrikaans is a verb-second language like German and Dutch, so verb 1 always comes second, no matter what you start with.
 ==Verbs==

@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 * Group 2 is more simple than group 3. The conjunctions are dus (thus), daarom (therefore), anders (else), daarna (then), dan (then), intussen (meanwhile), nietemin (nonetheless), gevolglik (following that), al (although), nogtans (still), tog (now), nou (now), and toe (then). The rule for this is that you join the 2 sentences together, and then move the first verb of the second sentence right next to the conjunction. There are no exceptions to this rule.
+* This is because Afrikaans is a verb-second language like German and Dutch, and because all group 2 conjunctions are adverbs, so the verb precedes the subject because it has to come second
 ** (EN) I ran. I slept. -> I ran, '''then''' I slept; (AFR) Ek het gehardloop. Ek het geslaap. -> Ek het gehardloop, '''toe''' het ek geslaap; (Literal EN) I have run, then have I slept
 ** (EN) I am hungry. I eat. -> I am hungry, '''therefore''' I eat; (AFR) Ek is honger. Ek eet. -> Ek is honger, '''daarom''' eet ek; (Literal EN) I am hungry, therefore eat I
@@ Line 130: / Line 131: @@
 *** (EN) I am tired. I start to do my homework. -> I am tired '''because''' I start to do my homework; (AFR) Ek is moeg. Ek begin my huiswerk doen. -> Ek is moeg '''omdat''' ek my huiswerk begin doen.
 ** If there is an infinitive at the end of the second sentence, the verb moves directly before the infinitive.
 *** (EN) I am fat. I like to eat -> I am fat '''because''' I like to eat; (AFR) Ek is vet. Ek hou daarvan om te eet. -> Ek is vet '''omdat''' ek daarvan hou om te eet.
 ===Starting a sentence with a conjunction===

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 In English, past tense usually just involves changing the verb to its past tense form (usually by adding an '-ed' suffix to the end of the verb), but in Afrikaans, past tense usually involves adding a 'het' in the place of the verb, and then moving the verb to the end of the sentence and adding a 'ge-' prefix to the verb. If there's a preposition at the end of the sentence though, you join the preposition and the verb together.
+The only verb that 'changes' when a 'ge-' prefix is added is 'eet' (eat), in which case it changes into 'het geëet' (ate)
 The general rule is 'het' + 'ge-participle'. This also translates for the 'have' + 'participle' in English, so 'Ek het gehardloop' in Afrikaans, is the same as 'I have run' in English, since the word 'het' means 'have' in English.
@@ Line 24: / Line 26: @@
 ** (EN) I '''like''' to run. -> I '''liked''' to run; (AFR) Ek '''hou''' daarvan om te hardloop. -> Ek '''het''' daarvan '''gehou''' om te hardloop.
-* If there are occurrences of the words 'dan', 'as', 'wanneer', or 'nou' in the sentence, they change to 'toe'.
+* If there are occurrences of the words 'dan', 'as', 'wanneer', or 'nou' in the sentence, they change to 'toe'. However, 'nou -> toe' is the same as 'now -> then' in English, while the rest are different because they are conjunctions that mean 'then', 'when', and 'when' respectively.
 ** (EN) I like it when it is hot. -> I liked it when it was hot; (AFR) Ek geniet dit '''wanneer''' dit warm is. -> Ek het die geniet '''toe''' dit warm was.
-** (EN) I am happy '''now'''. -> I was happy '''then'''; (AFR) Ek is '''nou''' gelukkig. -> Ek was '''toe''' gelukkig.
+** (EN) I eat, then I drink -> I ate, then I drank; (AFR) Ek eet, '''dan''' drink ek -> Ek het geëet, '''toe''' het ek gedrink
 ==Intensiewe vorm (Intensive form)==

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 ==Ontkennende vorm (Negative form)==
-In Afrikaans, the general rule for negatives is to put a 'nie' after the first verb, and then another 'nie' at the very end of the sentence.
+In Afrikaans, the general rule for negatives is to put a 'nie' after the first verb, and then another 'nie' at the very end of the sentence, a sort of 'nie... nie' bracketing system to indicate negative.
 * (EN) I am a hotdog -> I am '''not''' a hotdog; (AFR) Ek is 'n worsbroodjie -> Ek is '''nie''' 'n worsbroodjie '''nie'''
 * (EN) I endorse underage drinking -> I '''don't''' endorse underage drinking; (AFR) Ek onderskryf minderjarige drink -> Ek onderskryf '''nie''' minderjarige drink '''nie'''

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 |-
 | Duur || Peperduur || Expensive || As expensive as pepper
+|-
+| Wit || Spierwit || White || As white as muscle
+|-
+| Swaar || Loodswaar || Heavy || As heavy as lead
+|-
+| Warm || Vuurwarm || Warm/hot || As hot as fire
+|-
+| Weinig || Bloedweinig || Sparse || As sparse as blood
+|-
+| Suur || Asynsuur || Sour || As sour as vinegar
 |}
@@ Line 83: / Line 93: @@
 |-
 | Swart || Pikswart || Black || Pitch black
+|-
+| Wyd || Wêreldwyd || Wide || Worldwide
+|-
+| Lelik || Skreeulelik || Ugly || Scream ugly
+|-
+| Mal || Aapmal || Crazy || Apeshit crazy
+|-
+| Vinnig || Blitsvinnig || Quick || Lightning quick
+|-
+| Vol || Propvol || Full || Plug full
 |}