Курсы машинного перевода для языков России/Session 3 - Revision history

Qdinar: /* Constraint grammar */

2013-11-18T19:45:36Z

Constraint grammar

Trondtr: moved Машинный перевод для языков России/Session 3 to Курсы машинного перевода для языков России/Session 3: ... to get a better structure.

2012-01-31T12:00:28Z

moved Машинный перевод для языков России/Session 3 to Курсы машинного перевода для языков России/Session 3: ... to get a better structure.

Firespeaker: /* Constraint grammar */ clarification and punctuation

2011-12-31T03:35:02Z

Constraint grammar: clarification and punctuation

Firespeaker: /* Morphological ambiguity */

2011-12-30T00:24:42Z

Morphological ambiguity

Francis Tyers: /* Within parts-of-speech */

2011-12-29T15:06:18Z

Within parts-of-speech

Trondtr: /* Within parts-of-speech */

2011-12-28T20:59:20Z

Within parts-of-speech

Trondtr: /* Within parts-of-speech */

2011-12-28T18:58:17Z

Within parts-of-speech

Trondtr: more

2011-12-28T18:56:23Z

Trondtr: /* Within parts-of-speech */

2011-12-28T18:48:51Z

Within parts-of-speech

Francis Tyers: /* Constraint grammar */

2011-12-24T15:42:07Z

Constraint grammar

@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 * <code>SELECT Gen IF (0C A) (*1C GEN BARRIER NPNHA);</code>
 ** <code>SELECT Gen</code>: Select genitive, <code>IF</code>
-** <code>(0C A)</code>: The current word ''only'' has adjective readings.
+** <code>(0C A)</code>: The current word ''only'' has adjective readings.  ( C means "careful" . 0 means the same position as the target word. A refers to a set, which should be defined earlier in the file. [http://alpha.visl.sdu.dk/~tino/pisg/freenode/logs/%23apertium_20131117.log *] )
 ** <code>(*1C GEN BARRIER NPNHA)</code>: After the current word there is a word which is only in the genitive case. Keep searching the words after the current word until a word which is any word except a word which can modify a noun, or an adverb.

@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 ====Constraint grammar====
-One way of writing rules is with a formalism called constraint grammar. Constraint grammar rules consist of two parts, an operation on a pattern and a context. For example:
+One way of writing rules is with a formalism called constraint grammar. Constraint grammar rules consist of two parts: an operation on a pattern, and a context. The following are examples of operations:
 * {{sc|select}}: Given a context, remove all the readings apart from the one(s) matched by the pattern.

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 Derivational processes may also overlap with inflection. Thus, in Finnish, the plural of present participle (hence adjective) and the 3rd person present plural are always identical: ''laulavat'' = they sing / the singing (ones), ''tulevat'' = they come / the coming (ones), cf. ''Laulavat baritonit laulavat usein'' (the singing baritons often sing).
+In Kyrgyz, some examples are ''ак'' "white" and ''ак'' "to flow/run (of liquids)", with ambiguous forms like ''акты'' "the white one (acc.)" and "акты" "it flowed".  Another example is Kazakh ''жай'', with the following meanings: as an adjective "slow, simple, quiet, late"; as an adverb "slowly, simply, quietly"; as a noun "lightning", "reason, condition", "habitation", "bow (weapon)"; as a verb "hang out to dry / lay out / spread out (развешивать, расстилать)", "bring animals to pasture".
 ====Within parts-of-speech====
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 This is not however exclusive to Slavic languages, Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages also exhibit limited within part-of-speech ambiguity, consider the Chuvash ''итлĕр'' (ambiguous future and imperative), and Finnish ''voivat'' ("they can, they could"; this present/past ambiguity holds for all monosyllabic i-final verbs,  like for example ''voida'' "could" ''soida'' "ring", ''naida'' "fuck", etc.).
-In Komi, there is a systematic ambiguity betwin 1st and 3rd person singular in the past tense. In the sentence below, the form ''кывлі'' can be 1st or 3rd person.
+In Komi, there is a systematic ambiguity between 1st and 3rd person singular in the past tense. In the sentence below, the form ''кывлі'' can be 1st or 3rd person.
 :''Ме кывлі, тэ пӧ уджалан вузасянінын.''{{slc|kv}}
 :Я слышала, что ты работаешь в магазине.
+In Kazakh, there is also a systematic ambiguity between singular and plural in all 3rd person verb forms.  For example, "барады" could mean "s/he/it goes" or "they go".
 ===Syntactic ambiguity===

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 In Komi, there is a systematic ambiguity betwin 1st and 3rd person singular in the past tense. In the sentence below, the form ''кывлі'' can be 1st or 3rd person.
-''Ме кывлі, тэ пӧ уджалан вузасянінын.''<br/>
+:''Ме кывлі, тэ пӧ уджалан вузасянінын.''{{slc|kv}}
-Я слышала, что ты работаешь в магазине.<br/>
+:Я слышала, что ты работаешь в магазине.
-"I heard, that you work in the shop."
 ===Syntactic ambiguity===

@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 This is not however exclusive to Slavic languages, Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages also exhibit limited within part-of-speech ambiguity, consider the Chuvash ''итлĕр'' (ambiguous future and imperative), and Finnish ''voivat'' ("they can, they could"; this present/past ambiguity holds for all monosyllabic i-final verbs,  like for example ''voida'' "could" ''soida'' "ring", ''naida'' "fuck", etc.).
+In Komi, there is a systematic ambiguity betwin 1st and 3rd person singular in the past tense. In the sentence below, the form ''кывлі'' can be 1st or 3rd person.
+''Ме кывлі, тэ пӧ уджалан вузасянінын.''<br/>
+Я слышала, что ты работаешь в магазине.<br/>
+"I heard, that you work in the shop."
 ===Syntactic ambiguity===

← Older revision	Revision as of 12:00, 31 January 2012
(No difference)

@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 * ''Primer je lahko kondenzacija '''vode'''.''{{slc|sl}}
-This is not however exclusive to Slavic languages, Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages also exhibit limited within part-of-speech ambiguity, consider the Chuvash ''итлĕр'' (ambiguous future and imperative), and Finnish ''voivat'' ("they can, they could"; this present/past ambiguity holds for monosyllabic i-final verbs like ''voida'' "could" ''soida'' "ring", ''naida'' "fuck", etc.).
+This is not however exclusive to Slavic languages, Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages also exhibit limited within part-of-speech ambiguity, consider the Chuvash ''итлĕр'' (ambiguous future and imperative), and Finnish ''voivat'' ("they can, they could"; this present/past ambiguity holds for all monosyllabic i-final verbs,  like for example ''voida'' "could" ''soida'' "ring", ''naida'' "fuck", etc.).
 ===Syntactic ambiguity===

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 An example of ambiguity between parts-of-speech is given above, the word ''чалка'' can be a noun, a verb or an adjective. Consider also the frequent ambiguity between adjectives denoting ethnic groups (e.g. in Russian ''русский'') or professions (e.g. in Russian ''военный'') and the nouns denoting the languages or people (''русский'') or professions (''военный'').
+In Turkic and Uralic languages, nouns and verbs often share the same suffixes (e.g. Finnish ''-n, -t, -i''). Similar stems (accidental homonymy) thus shows up in several parts of the paradigm, e.g. Finnish ''tule-'' "to come" and ''tuli'' "fire": ''tuli'' = "fire" Nom Sg or "s/he came", ''tulet'' = "the fires" or "you come"; ''tulen" = "of the fire" or "I come".
+Derivational processes may also overlap with inflection. Thus, in Finnish, the plural of present participle (hence adjective) and the 3rd person present plural are always identical: ''laulavat'' = they sing / the singing (ones), ''tulevat'' = they come / the coming (ones), cf. ''Laulavat baritonit laulavat usein'' (the singing baritons often sing).
 ====Within parts-of-speech====

@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 A context can be any combination of words or tags in a given sentence. To get an idea of the kind of contexts that can be used, let's look at some real disambiguation rules. We're going to use the Russian phrase:
-<font size="+1"><center>« ''Услугами детских садов пользуются 135 тысяч работающих матерей.'' »</center></font>
+<center>« ''Услугами детских садов пользуются 135 тысяч работающих матерей.'' »</center>
 <!-- ''Z usług żłobków korzysta 135 tysięcy pracujących matek'' -->
 ;Ambiguity #1