View source for Morphology of Kyrgyz language

=Noun morphology=

; Missing rules

# <s>"атым" works, "балам" doesn't</s>
## Rule: delete ы after %> and before м
## <code>ы:0 <=> %> _ м ; </code></s>
# <s>"балабыз" works, "атыбыз" doesn't</s>
## Rule: delete ы after %> and before быз
## <code>ы:0 <=> %> _ быз ; </code></s>
# <s>"бала+ңыз" works, "атыңыз" doesn't</s>
## Rule: delete ы after %> and before ңыз
## <code>ы:0 <=> %> _ ңыз ; </code></s>
#<s> уул<n><px1sg><dat> --> уулумга doesn't works</s>
## <s>Rule:  delete г after м and ң</s>
## This rule is same for px1sg,px2sg,px3sg
# үй<n><px1sg><dat> --> үйүмга doesn't works
## <s>Rule1: delete г after м and ң</s>
## Rule2: change end vowel according to previous vowel
# китеп<n><px1sg><acc> --> китебимды doesn't works 
## Rule: last vowel ы should harmonized
# Vowel harmony in ablative case
## Rule : {D}{A}н, {А} must be harmonized according to previous vowel. 
## Ex , The output now is : короо<n><px1sg><abl>/короомдан but must be короомдон 
# <s>Desonorisation of {D} in ablative</s>
##Rule : {D} must be desonorized into н if the previous letter is {I}
## Ex,The output now is : мал<n><px3sg><abl>/малыдан but must be малынан
# <s>Desonorisation of {D} in plural</s>
## Rule : {D} must be desonorized into л, the rule must be figured out and checked. !Not completely Sure
##Ex, The output now is :ай<n><pl><nom>/айдар but must be айлар
# <s>Addition of н before locative suffix</s>
##Ex, The output now is : мал<n><px3sg><loc>/малыда but must be малы+н+да 
#Vowel harmony in locative suffixes
##Ex, The output now is : көчө<n><px2sg><loc>/көчөңда but must be көчөңдө
# Vowel harmony in dative suffixes
##Ex, The output now is : эже<n><px2sg><dat>/эжеңа but must be эжеңе
# <s>Addition of н after {I}  in in locative suffixes</s>
##Ex,The output now is :шаар<n><px><loc>/шаардыкыда but must be шаардыкында
# <s>Deletion of ы after (px3sg,px3pl)3rd person singular,plural and after (px)general possessive in accusative suffixes </s>
##Ex,The output now is эл<n><px3pl><acc>/элдерины but must be элдерин
мал<n><px><acc>/малдыкыны but must be малдыкын


* These should all really be rules to epenthesise/insert /I/ (ы, и, у, ү) after a consonant before these endings.

==Noun Person,Possessives==

() = after vowel, [] = after consonant, {} = archivowel/consonant

<pre>
({I})м,                1sg
({I})ң,                2sg informal
({I})ң{I}з,            2sg formal 
[с]{I},                3sg 
({I})б{I}з,            1pl
({I})ң{A}р,            2pl informal
({I})ң{I}зд{A}р,       2pl formal
[с]{I}                 3pl
</pre>
===1st Person Possessives===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Singular/Plural
! Suffix
! Example
! Gloss
|-
| Singular
| -ым becomes-м if ends with vowel
| <s>ат+ым</s>,<s>бала+м</s>
| my horse, my son
|-
| Plural
| -ыбыз become -быз if ends with vowel
| <s>ат+ыбыз</s>,бала+быз
| our horse, our son
|}

===2nd Person Possessive===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Singular/Plural
! Suffix
! Example
! Gloss
|-
| Singular
| -ың becomes -ң if ends with vowel,-ыңыз becomes -ңыз if ends with vowel
| <s>ат+ың</s>,<s>бала+ң</s>,<s>ат+ыңыз</s>,<s>бала+ңыз</s>
| your horse, your son, your horse(kind way),your son(kind way)
|-
| Plural
| -ыңар becomes -ңар if ends with vowel,-ыңыздар becomes -ңыздар if end with vowel
| <s>ат+ыңар</s>,<s>бала+ңар</s>,<s>ат+ыңыздар</s>,<s>бала+ңыздар</s>
| your horse,your son, your horse(kind way),your son(kind way)
|}

===3rd Person Possessive===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Singular/Plural
! Suffix
! Example
! Gloss
|-
| --
| -ы becomes -сы when following vowel
| <s>ат+ы</s>,<s>бала+сы</s>
| his horse, his son
|}

===General Possessive===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Singular/Plural
! Suffix
! Example
! Gloss
|-
| --
| -ныкы
| <s>эл+дики</s>,<s>мал+дыкы</s>,<s>балаң+дыкы</s>,<s>тоо+нуку</s>,<s>төө+нүкү</s>
| people's, livestock's, your son's, the mountain's, the camel's (as their own NPs)
|}

==Noun cases==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Case Name
! Suffixes
|-
| absolute
| ---
|-
| genitive
| -нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн
|-
|dative
| -га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө
|-
|definite-accusative
| -ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү
|-
|locative
| -да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө
|-
|ablative
| -дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн
|}
===Genitive, Rules for suffixes===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rules
!  -нын,-ын transfromation 
! Examples
! Gloss
|-
| Ends with vowels
| -нын,-нун,-нин,нүн
| <s>бала+нын</s>, <s>тоо+нун</s>, <s>эне+нин</s>, <s>төө+нүн</s>
|child's, mountain's, mother's, camel's
|-
| Ends with Voiced Consonants
| -дын,-дун,-дин,-дүн
| <s>жаз+дын</s>, <s>коом+дун</s>,<s>билим+дин</s>,<s>көз+дүн</s>
| spring's, community's, knowledge's, eye's
|-
| Ends with Unvoiced Consonants
| -тын,-тун,-тин,-түн
| <s>кат+тын</s>,<s>топ+тун</s>, <s>китеп+тин</s>,<s>өтүк+түн</s>
| mail's, ball's, book's, shoe's
|-
| Ends with Third persons Possesive -ы,-сы and -ныкы
| -нын,-нун,-нин,-нүн
| <s>мал+ы+нын</s>, <s>саат+ы+нын</s>, <s>бала+сы+нын</s>, ини+си+нин, үй+ү+нүн, короо+су+нун, мектеп+тики+нин
|his animal's, his watch's, his child's, his brother's, his house's, his garden's, the school's's (e.g., the school's[ book]'s)
|}

=== Dative, rules for suffixes ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rules
! surface form of -/GA/
! Examples
! Gloss
|-
| Ends with vowels and Voiced Consonants
| -га,-го,-ге,-гө
| <s>талаа+га</s>, <s>тоо+го</s>,<s>аскер+ге</s>,<s>көчө+гө</s>,<br/><s>кыз+га</s>,<s>борбор+го</s>,<s>көл+гө</s>
| to the field,to the mountain, to serve, to the girl,to the center, to the lake
|-
| Ends with Unvoiced Consonants
| -ка,-ко,-ке,-кө
| <s>таш+ка</s>,<s>от+ко</s>,<s>терек+ке</s>,<s>жүрөк+кө</s>
| to the stone,to the fire,to the tree,to the heart
|-
| after 1st and 2nd person singular possessive suffixes -/(I)m/, -/(I)ŋ/
| -а,-е,-о,-ө 
| саат+ым+а,саат+ың+а,короо+м+о,короо+ң+о,мекте<б>+иң+е,<br/>үйүм+ө,эже+син+е,бала+сын+а,мал+ын+а,ките<б>+ин+е
|to my watch, to your watch,to my garden,to your garded,to your school,to my house,to his/her sister,to his/her child,to his/her animal,to his/her book
|-
| after possessive suffix -/nIKI/ or -/(s)I/
| -на,-не,-нө (-но is impossible because of intervening /I/s)
| саат+тыкы+на,короо+нуку+на,короо+су+на,мекте<б>+и+не,үй+дүкү+нө,<br/>эже+ники+не,бала+сы+на,мал+ы+на,үй+ү+нө
|}

=== Locative case ===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rules
! surface form of -/DA/
! Examples
! Gloss
|-
| Ends with a vowel or a voiced consonant
| -да,-до,-де,-дө
| талаа+да, тоо+до, аскер+де, көчө+дө,<br/>кыз+да, борбор+до, көл+дө
| in the field, on the mountain, in the army, ~at the girl, in the center, at the lake
|-
| Ends with an unvoiced consonant
| -та,-то,-те,-тө
| таш+та, от+то, терек+те, жүрөк+тө
| on the stone, in the fire, in the tree, in the heart
|-
| after possessive suffix -/nIKI/ or -/(s)I/
| -нда,-нде,-ндө (-ндо is impossible because of intervening /I/s)
| саат+тыкы+нда,короо+нуку+нда,короо+су+нда,мекте<б>+и+нде,үй+дүкү+ндө,<br/>эже+ники+нде,бала+сы+нда,мал+ы+нда,үй+ү+ндө
|}

===Definite-accusative, Rules for suffixes===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rules
! surface forms of -/NI/
! Examples
! Gloss
|-
| Ends with vowels
| -ны,-ну,-ни,нү
| <s>парта+ны,кино+ну,терезе+ни,көчө+нү</s>
| desk, cinema,window,street
|-
| Ends with Voiced Consonants
| -ды,-ду,-ди,-дү
| <s>кыз+ды,кулун+ду,жер+ди,жүзүм+дү</s>
| girl,colt,place,grape
|-
| Ends with Unvoiced Consonants
| -ты,-ту,-ти,-тү
| <s>бакыт+ты,куш+ту,китеп+ти,күрөк+тү</s>
| happiness, bird, book, shovel
|-
| Ends with First and Second persons Possessive suffixes ''[this is the same as the voiced consonant rules and can be removed —JNW]''
| -(д)ы,-(д)у,-(д)и,-(д)ү
| <s>бала+м+ды</s>,<s>бала+ң+ды</s>,уул+ум+ду,ките<б>+им+ди,үй+үм+дү
|my child,your child,my son,my book,my house
|-
| After third person -(s)I suffix or -NIKI possessive suffix
| -н
| бала+сы+н, уул+у+н, ките<б>+и+н, үй+ү+н; бала+ныкы+н, уул+дуку+н, китеп+тики+н, үй+дүкү+н
| his/her/its/their child, son, book, house
|}

===Ablative, Rules for suffixes===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Rules
! surface forms of -/DAn/
! Examples
! Gloss
|-
| Ends with vowels and Voiced Consonants
| -дан,-дон, -ден,-дөн
| <s>алма+дан,тоо+дон,киши+ден,үй+дөн,кагаз+дан,герб+ден</s>
| from apple,from mountain,from person,from house,from paper,
|-
| Ends with Unvoiced Consonants
| -тан,-тон,-тен,-төн
|<s> таш+тан,от+тон,терек+тен,өрт+төн,топ+тон</s>
| from stone, from fire, from tree, from fire, from ball
|-
| Ends with First and Second persons singular Possessive suffixes
| -(д)ан, -(д)он, -(д)ен, -(д)өн
| <s>бала+м+дан/бала+м+ан</s>, короо+м+дон/короо+м+он, китеб+им+ден/китеб+им+ен, көчө+ң+өн/көчө+ң+дөн
| from my son, from my garden, from my book, from your street
|-
| Ends with Third persons Possesive -(s)I or -ныкы
| -нан, -нен, -нөн (-нон is impossible after /I/)
| мал+ы+нан, үй+ү+нөн, күзгү+сү+нөн, Керим+дики+нен, шаар+дыкы+нан, ата+сы+ныкы+нан
| from his animal, from his house, from his mirror's, from Kerim's, from the city's, from his father's
|}

=Adjectival morphology=
Adjectives in Kyrgyz language do not change with cases, possessions and with plural (-лар) suffix.
It has 4 levels :
1. Normal
2. Comparative
3. Superlative
4. Weakening
==Normal Level==

Ех:<br/>
1.<s>кооз</s>; Бишкекте кооз уйлор көп курулду.<br/>
2.<s>саздуу,кара,көк,аккан<s/> Кара шибер, көк майсан, саздуу болот аккан суу.<br/>
3.<s>жакшы</s>; Энеси уулуна жакшы тарбия берген экен.<br/>

==Comparative==
Built by adding -ыраак (-/(I)rAAK/) suffix<br/>

Examples : 

* <s>кызыл+ыраак</s>  ''redder'' 
* <s>таттуу+раак</s>  ''sweeter'' 
* <s>жакшы+раак</s>  ''better''
* кең+ирээк  ''wider''  
* <s>сары+раак</s>  ''yellower''
* тоголок+ураак  ''rounder''
* <s>соо+роок </s> ''more sober''
* өзгөчө+рөөк  ''more special''

[[#Ablative case]] is used for "than", e.g.:
* мен+ден чоң+ураак  ''bigger than me''

== Superlative ==
#Built by using following adverbs: эң,өтө,аябай,чымкый 
#* эң жакшы  "the best"
#* эң катуу  "the hardest"
#* эң сары  "the yellowest"
#:: this is often with possessive morphology after the adjective or the NP it's part of, corresponding roughly to definiteness (specifying what the known domain is) —JNW
#** бу+лар+дын эң чоң+у аныкы  ''the biggest of these is his''
#** бул алма+лар+дын эң сары+сы  ''this is the yellowest of the apples''
#** бул эң сары алма(+сы)  ''this is the yellowest apple''

# These aren't superlative, but similar
#* абдан кооз "really beautiful"
#* өтө сулуу "very handsome"
#* аябай ысык "extremely hot"
#* чылк семиз  "very fat"
#* чымкый кызыл  "very red"
#::Typically in Apertium we categorise the "very, really, extremely" part as a separate POS <code>preadv</code>, which aids disambiguation -- e.g. a <code>preadv</code> is an adverb which cannot modify a verb on its own. -- Some can be both of course, but often leading to a different translation (e.g. (en) <code>really<preadv></code> = (es) muy, (en) <code>really<adv></code> = (es) verdaderamente) —FMT
# "extremetive" (?) adjectives
# Built by reduplication: the reduplicant is composed of all material through the first syllable nucleus of an adjective and ends with +/п/, prepended in front of the base
#* кара --> кап+кара ''as black as can be''
#* сары --> сап+сары ''as yellow as can be''
#* тоголок --> топ+тоголок ''as round as can be'' 
#* ачуу --> ап+ачуу ''as spicy as can be''
#* кызыл --> кып+кызыл ''as red as can be''

=="Weakening"==
Weakens the meaning of adjectives built by adding -ыш,-гыл,-ылжым,-илжын,-ылтыр,-гыч,-гылт,-гылтым,-ыңкы
::These are almost entirely non-productive and can probably be ignored for morphological analysis —JNW

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! suffixes
! Example
! Gloss
|-
| -ыш
| ак -- агыш,көк -- көгүш
| little bit white,little bit blue
|-
| -гыл
| кир -- киргил
| little bit dirty
|-
| -ылжым,-илжын
|көк -- көгүлжүм,кара -- каралжым
|little bit blue, little bit black
|-
| -ылтыр
|көк -- көгүлтүр
|blueish
|-
| -гыч
|сары -- саргыч
|yellowish
|-
| -гылт
|сары -- саргылт,кызыл -- кызгылт
|yellowish, reddish
|-
| -гылтым
|кызыл -- кызгылтым
|reddish
|-
| -ыңкы
|азган -- азыңкы
| -- 
|}
= Numerals (Сан атооч) =
Numerals in it's own state  do not change with cases and with plural (-лар) suffix.<br/>
Built by following suffixes: 

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! suffixes
! Example
! Gloss
|-
| -ынчы (-нчы)
| бир+инчи, жети+нчи,үч+үнчү
| first, seventh, third (ordinals)
|-
| -оо,-өө
| бир+өө,алт+оо,беш+өө
| one,six,five of them (supporting)
|-
| -ча
|отуз+ча,кырк+ча,жүз+чө
|approximateley thirty,forty,hundred (approximate)
|-
| -дай
|беш+тей,он+дой,кырк+тай,жүз+дөй
|almost five,ten,forty,hundred (approximate)
|-
| -лаган
|он+догон,жүз+дөгөн,миң+деген,кырк+таган
|tens of,hundreds of, thousands of, forties of
|-
| -лар ? 
|эки+лер,уч+төр, он+дор
|???
|}
=Verb Morphology=

Verbs morphologically can be changed according to possessions, tenses, relation suffixes(мамиле мүчөөлөрү) and condition suffixes(ыңгай мүчөөлөрү).
There are 4 types of verbs.
# Normal verbs : көгөрөт, окуйт, баалайт, жыгышты etc...
# Complex verbs : ойгонгусу келип турат, кете бермек екенмин, бара жаткан элем, шыбыраша башташкан экен, etc...
# main verbs : окуп, сүйлөп, ойноп, күлүп, кетип, уча, жазып. etc ...
# helping verbs : жатат, берди,атат,койду, калды, ийди, чыкты, etc ...

==Tenses==
=== Present continuous Tense (учур чак) ===
1. Simple

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! suffixes
! examples
! gloss
|-
|  -ууда
| жакшыр+ууда
| getting well,progressing
|-
|  -а,-е(-й)
| оку+й+м,иште+й+м
| studying, working 
|} 

2. Complех
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! suffixes
! examples
! gloss
|-
|  -a
| бар+а жатат,
| he/she is going
|-
|  -е(-й)
| сүйлө+й баштайт 
| he is going to speak 
|-
|  -ып
| ырда+п жатат, иште+п жүрөт 
| he is singing, he is working 
|}