https://wiki.apertium.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=SlingKing7&feedformat=atomApertium - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T05:03:07ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.1https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65561Xhosa2018-01-10T04:47:18Z<p>SlingKing7: SlingKing7 moved page User:Xhosa to Xhosa over redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
'''Apertium Pairs'''<br />
<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research"] <br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa"] <br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa"] <br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation"] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?"] <br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa"] <br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages"] <br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
Full List of Grammar Examples (Apertium Page): [[Xhosa Grammar Examples]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies"] <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary"] <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary"] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit"] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language"]<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries"] <br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages"]<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus"] <br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics"] - <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu"]<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes"]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xhosa&diff=65562User:Xhosa2018-01-10T04:47:18Z<p>SlingKing7: SlingKing7 moved page User:Xhosa to Xhosa over redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Xhosa]]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65559Xhosa2018-01-10T04:46:38Z<p>SlingKing7: SlingKing7 moved page Xhosa to User:Xhosa</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
'''Apertium Pairs'''<br />
<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research"] <br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa"] <br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa"] <br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation"] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?"] <br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa"] <br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages"] <br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
Full List of Grammar Examples (Apertium Page): [[Xhosa Grammar Examples]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies"] <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary"] <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary"] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit"] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language"]<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries"] <br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages"]<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus"] <br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics"] - <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu"]<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes"]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65557Xhosa2018-01-10T04:45:53Z<p>SlingKing7: SlingKing7 moved page Apertium:Xhosa to Xhosa over redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
'''Apertium Pairs'''<br />
<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research"] <br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa"] <br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa"] <br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation"] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?"] <br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa"] <br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages"] <br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
Full List of Grammar Examples (Apertium Page): [[Xhosa Grammar Examples]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies"] <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary"] <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary"] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit"] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language"]<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries"] <br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages"]<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus"] <br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics"] - <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu"]<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes"]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Apertium:Xhosa&diff=65558Apertium:Xhosa2018-01-10T04:45:53Z<p>SlingKing7: SlingKing7 moved page Apertium:Xhosa to Xhosa over redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Xhosa]]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65556Xhosa2018-01-10T04:43:49Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
'''Apertium Pairs'''<br />
<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research"] <br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa"] <br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa"] <br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation"] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?"] <br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa"] <br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages"] <br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
Full List of Grammar Examples (Apertium Page): [[Xhosa Grammar Examples]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies"] <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary"] <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary"] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit"] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language"]<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries"] <br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages"]<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus"] <br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics"] - <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu"]<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes"]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65555Xhosa2018-01-10T04:37:32Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
'''Apertium Pairs'''<br />
<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research"] - parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa"] - analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa"] - Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation"] - the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?"] - a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa"] - the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages"] - a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
Full List of Grammar Examples (Apertium Page): [[Xhosa Grammar Examples]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies"] - The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary"] - A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary"] - A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit"] - The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language"] - an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries"] - The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages"], Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators <br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus"] - The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics"] - ''An Analysis of Xhosa English<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu"], - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes"] - The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65554Xhosa2018-01-10T04:06:32Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
'''Apertium Pairs'''<br />
<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
Full List of Grammar Examples (Apertium Page): [[Xhosa Grammar Examples]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65552Xhosa2018-01-10T03:32:38Z<p>SlingKing7: SlingKing7 moved page Xhosa to Apertium:Xhosa</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
Full List of Grammar Examples (Apertium Page): [[Xhosa Grammar Examples]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_Grammar_Examples&diff=65542Xhosa Grammar Examples2018-01-08T04:16:06Z<p>SlingKing7: Created page with "'''Examples''' *ukudlala - to play *ukubona - to see *umntwana - a child *abantwana - children *umntwana uyadlala - the child plays *abantwana bayadlala - the children play *..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Examples'''<br />
<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65541Xhosa2018-01-08T02:43:32Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
Full List of Grammar Examples (Apertium Page): [[Xhosa Grammar Examples]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65536Xhosa2018-01-07T05:14:54Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65535Xhosa2018-01-07T05:14:17Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
*'''([[apertium|Linguistic Grammar and Pronunciations of Xhosa]])<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65534Xhosa2018-01-07T05:13:36Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
*'''[apertium|Linguistic Grammar and Pronunciations of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65533Xhosa2018-01-07T04:54:05Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
*'''[a<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65532Xhosa2018-01-07T04:45:38Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
<br />
*'''[a<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65531Xhosa2018-01-07T04:43:46Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
<br />
*'''[a<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65530Xhosa2018-01-07T04:43:00Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
*[http://www.athingforwords.com/words/learning-xhosa/ "Let’s Talk isiXhosa", ''the process of mastering a foreign tongue'']<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
<br />
*'''[a<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65529Xhosa2018-01-07T04:40:18Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf "The Acquisition of Subject Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
<br />
*'''[a<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65528Xhosa2018-01-07T04:39:40Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
*[http://www.lingref.com/cpp/galana/2/paper1552.pdf The Acquisition of Subject "Agreement in Xhosa", ''the goal of the present paper is to describe the development of the system of subject agreement in children acquiring Xhosa as a first language.'']<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
<br />
*'''[a<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65527Xhosa2018-01-07T04:37:02Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
<br />
*'''[a<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65524Xhosa2018-01-06T21:09:41Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
<br />
*'''[<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65523Xhosa2018-01-06T20:36:08Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects'']<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa'']<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar'']<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language'']<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available'']<br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ]<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] <br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''] <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English'']<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts'']<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators '']<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora'']<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English'']<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora'']<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract'']</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65517Xhosa2018-01-06T00:55:06Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects''], https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa''], http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.], http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically''], http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-071<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar''], http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm "Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages", ''a full context of the usage of grammar within the Xhosa language''], http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available''], http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ], https://glosbe.com/en/xh<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''], http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English''], http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf<br />
<br />
''Elaboration on Machine Translation'':<br />
<br />
* Machine translation is a sub-field of computational linguistics that investigates the use of software to translate text or speech from one language to another.<br />
* The isiXhosa language is a low resource language for which there are not many morphological analyzers, so much of the research is compiled into putting together a parallel text for which a translation model can be trained<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts''], http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators ''], http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora''], http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English''], https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora''], http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract''], https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65516Xhosa2018-01-06T00:40:23Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects''], https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa''], http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.], http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically''], http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-071<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar''], http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available''], http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dual languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ], https://glosbe.com/en/xh<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''], http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction <br />
*[http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf "Xhosa-English Machine Translation: Working with a Low-Resource Language", ''an attempt to implement a phrase-based translation system for translating Xhosa text into English''], http://dreuarchive.cra.org/2011/Johnson/kkjohnson_report.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts''], http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators ''], http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora''], http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English''], https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora''], http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract''], https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65480Xhosa2018-01-05T05:04:08Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably the most similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
* Xhosa is also similar to the languages of Swati and Ndebele which are spoken among the Bantu people<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx "Cross linguistics upon Xhosa Corpora Research", ''parallel corpora is researched upon the many similarities it contains with other African dialects''], https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", ''analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa''], http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ "Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa",'' Xhosa is used as a tool to analyze the complexities and dynamics of African literary production written in African languages.], http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 "ZuluMorph's Analysis on Xhosa to Zulu Translation, ''the similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically''], http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-071<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*[http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language "What is Xhosa?", ''a concept summary providing full context over Xhosan grammar''], http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set: [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf "Oxford Studies", ''The Oxford University has provided many studies with focus mainly on the translational dictionaries available''], http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ "English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary", ''A full translational dictionary covering most aspects of the dula languages of Xhosa and Zulu'' ], https://glosbe.com/en/xh<br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''A complete list of translated and Xhosa applicable words translated into English and vice versa''] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", ''The National Lexicography Unit provides additional research of multi-syllable words of Xhosa as well as dictionary referendums''], http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction <br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts''], http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators ''], http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora''], http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English''], https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora''], http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract''], https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65479Xhosa2018-01-05T03:36:09Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably comparable and similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora]<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 "The Tonemes of Xhosa", analyzing tones and syllable click sounds in Xhosa], http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set:[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf Oxford Studies] http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary] https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - Includes Zulu transcripts <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ "Xhosa to English Dictionary", ''] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction "isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit", '']<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts''], http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators ''], http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora''], http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English''], https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", ''Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora''], http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes", ''The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract''], https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65478Xhosa2018-01-05T01:51:50Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably comparable and similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora]<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 The Tonemes of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set:[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf Oxford Studies] http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary] https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - Includes Zulu transcripts <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English Dictionary] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit + Additional Dictionary References]<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011"Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries", ''The Leipzig Corpora Collection contains more than 250 comparable sources on languages and transcripts''], http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ "Crawling Under-Resourced Languages", ''Transcribing underused dialects using corpora translators ''], http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/<br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 "English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus", Koliswa Moropa (2007) - ''The similarities between English and Xhosa corpora''], http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C "Corpus Linguistics", ''An Analysis of Xhosa English''], https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C<br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 "Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu", Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel - University of Pretoria's study upon isiZulu and isiXhosa traits/corpora], http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf "Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes" The analysis upon Xhosa English's abstract], https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65477Xhosa2018-01-04T22:07:19Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
* Zulu and Xhosa are relatably comparable and similar due to them both being Nguni transcripts (predominant in Southern Africa)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics ==<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora]<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 The Tonemes of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
== Comparative Studies ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set:[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf Oxford Studies] http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary] https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - Includes Zulu transcripts <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English Dictionary] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit + Additional Dictionary References]<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 ''Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries''] http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages, Focusing upon Xhosa to Zulu Corpora] <br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)] <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu]<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes (Analysis upon Xhosa English)(Abstract)]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65432Xhosa2018-01-03T21:41:08Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically]<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora]<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 The Tonemes of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set:[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages]<br />
<br />
Update: Zulu is a large complement to the language of Xhosa, so most common corpora, morphologies, etc. contain Zulu<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf Oxford Studies] http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary] https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - Includes Zulu transcripts <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English Dictionary] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
* [http://ufh.ac.za/centres/xnlu/introduction isiXhosa National Lexicography Unit + Additional Dictionary References]<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 ''Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries''] http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages, Focusing upon Xhosa to Zulu Corpora] <br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)] <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu]<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes (Analysis upon Xhosa English)(Abstract)]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65424Xhosa2018-01-03T21:32:18Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically]<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora]<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 The Tonemes of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set:[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages]<br />
<br />
Update: Zulu is a large complement to the language of Xhosa, so most common corpora, morphologies, etc. contain Zulu<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf Oxford Studies] http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary] https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - Includes Zulu transcripts <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English Dictionary] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 ''Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries''] http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages, Focusing upon Xhosa to Zulu Corpora] <br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)] <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu]<br />
* [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/405145/pdf Corpus Linguistics and World Englishes (Analysis upon Xhosa English)]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65415Xhosa2018-01-03T21:19:52Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically]<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora]<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 The Tonemes of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
Xhosa Pronunciation + Language Set:[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/xhosa.htm Omniglot Writing Systems and Languages]<br />
<br />
Update: Zulu is a large complement to the language of Xhosa, so most common corpora, morphologies, etc. contain Zulu<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf Oxford Studies] http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary] https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - Includes Zulu transcripts <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English Dictionary] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 ''Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries''] http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages, Focusing upon Xhosa to Zulu Corpora] <br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)] <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65408Xhosa2018-01-03T21:12:11Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically]<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora]<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
'''The Tone Analysis of Xhosa'''<br />
*[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00020185808707048 The Tonemes of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
Update: Zulu is a large complement to the language of Xhosa, so most common corpora, morphologies, etc. contain Zulu<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf Oxford Studies] http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary] https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - Includes Zulu transcripts <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English Dictionary] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 ''Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries''] http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages, Focusing upon Xhosa to Zulu Corpora] <br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)] <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65405Xhosa2018-01-03T21:07:21Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* [http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically]<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* [https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora]<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
Update: Zulu is a large complement to the language of Xhosa, so most common corpora, morphologies, etc. contain Zulu<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf Oxford Studies] http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary] https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - Includes Zulu transcripts <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English Dictionary] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 ''Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries''] http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages, Focusing upon Xhosa to Zulu Corpora] <br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)] <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65403Xhosa2018-01-03T21:04:21Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Literary + Academic Study (Rhodes University)<br />
*[http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/2017/05/02/xhosa-holds-academic-studies/ Providing Academic Studies on Literary Aspects of Xhosa]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
Update: Zulu is a large complement to the language of Xhosa, so most common corpora, morphologies, etc. contain Zulu<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf Oxford Studies] http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary] https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - Includes Zulu transcripts <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English Dictionary] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 ''Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries''] http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages, Focusing upon Xhosa to Zulu Corpora] <br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)] <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65402Xhosa2018-01-03T20:51:49Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
Update: Zulu is a large complement to the language of Xhosa, so most common corpora, morphologies, etc. contain Zulu<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf Oxford Studies] http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf <br />
* [https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ English to Xhosa Bilingual Dictionary] https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - Includes Zulu transcripts <br />
* [http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English Dictionary] http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 ''Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries''] http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages, Focusing upon Xhosa to Zulu Corpora] <br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)] <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65400Xhosa2018-01-03T20:21:40Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf de Schryver, G.-M, Oxford Bilingual School Dictionary: Zulu and<br />
English] <br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 ''Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries''] http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* [http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages, Focusing upon Xhosa to Zulu Corpora] <br />
* [http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1 Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)] <br />
* [http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1 Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65399Xhosa2018-01-03T19:54:03Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf de Schryver, G.-M, Oxford Bilingual School Dictionary: Zulu and<br />
English] <br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 ''Leipzig Corpora Dictionaries''] http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011<br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)<br />
* Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu - <br />
* http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65398Xhosa2018-01-03T19:52:22Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf de Schryver, G.-M, Oxford Bilingual School Dictionary: Zulu and<br />
English] <br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 leipzig]<br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)<br />
* Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu - <br />
* http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65383Xhosa2018-01-03T19:22:40Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* [http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf de Schryver, G.-M, Oxford Bilingual School Dictionary: Zulu and<br />
English] <br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* <br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)<br />
* Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu - <br />
* http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65377Xhosa2018-01-03T19:14:38Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf - Oxford Summary, Xhosa based translational dictionary<br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* [url=http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011]Leipzig Corpora Collection[/url]<br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)<br />
* Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu - <br />
* http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65376Xhosa2018-01-03T19:13:42Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf - Oxford Summary, Xhosa based translational dictionary<br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* <a title="Leipzig Corpora Collection" href="http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011">Leipzig Corpora Collection</a><br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)<br />
* Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu - <br />
* http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65375Xhosa2018-01-03T19:11:55Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010) (most likely incubator)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf - Oxford Summary, Xhosa based translational dictionary<br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 - Leipzig Corpora Collection (offers Zulu to Xhosa)<br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)<br />
* Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu - <br />
* http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65371Xhosa2018-01-03T18:34:57Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf - Oxford Summary, Xhosa based translational dictionary<br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 - Leipzig Corpora Collection (offers Zulu to Xhosa)<br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)<br />
* Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu - <br />
* http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65352Xhosa2018-01-02T00:49:47Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf - Oxford Summary, Xhosa based translational dictionary<br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 - Leipzig Corpora Collection (offers Zulu to Xhosa)<br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)<br />
* Natasha Govender, Etienne Barnard, Marelie Davel: Developing Intonation Corpora for isiXhosa and isiZulu - <br />
http://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/bitstream/handle/10204/5589/Govender2_2005.pdf;sequence=1</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65351Xhosa2018-01-02T00:47:10Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf - Oxford Summary, Xhosa based translational dictionary<br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 - Leipzig Corpora Collection (offers Zulu to Xhosa)<br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1<br />
* https://books.google.com/books/about/Corpus_Linguistics_and_World_Englishes.html?id=SFpusC25Z44C - Corpus Linguistics (focusing on English Xhosan)</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65349Xhosa2018-01-02T00:44:16Z<p>SlingKing7: SlingKing7 moved page User:SlingKing7 to Xhosa</p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf - Oxford Summary, Xhosa based translational dictionary<br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 - Leipzig Corpora Collection (offers Zulu to Xhosa)<br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=User:SlingKing7&diff=65350User:SlingKing72018-01-02T00:44:16Z<p>SlingKing7: SlingKing7 moved page User:SlingKing7 to Xhosa</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Xhosa]]</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65348Xhosa2018-01-02T00:37:40Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf - Oxford Summary, Xhosa based translational dictionary<br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
* http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 - Leipzig Corpora Collection (offers Zulu to Xhosa)<br />
* http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
* Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1</div>SlingKing7https://wiki.apertium.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa&diff=65347Xhosa2018-01-02T00:37:09Z<p>SlingKing7: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{TOCD}}<br />
== The Xhosa Language ==<br />
'''Xhosa''' ([[Wikipedia: Xhosa language]]) is a ([[Wikipedia: Nguni Bantu]]) language spoken mainly in Africa. Its widespread use is not very common and only has a small number of individuals enacting the language (11 million)<br />
<br />
<br />
== Apertium Language Pairs ==<br />
Currently, on [[Apertium]], the language of Xhosa is recorded to have one language pair:<br />
*'''[[apertium-zu-xh|Zulu-?-Xhosa]]''' (08 Nov 2010)<br />
<br />
([[list of language pairs]])<br />
<br />
== Computational Linguistics/Comparative Studies ==<br />
'''Comparative Study: Zulu - Xhosa''' <br />
* http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W09-0714 - The similarities between the two languages based on a morphological analyzer (ZuluMorph) cross-linguistically<br />
<br />
'''Xhosa Cross Linguistics'''<br />
* https://www.uwc.ac.za/Faculties/ART/Xhosa/Pages/Research-.aspx - Research by the University of Western Cape providing cross linguistics upon Xhosa corpora<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Linguistic Grammar ==<br />
*http://www.academicroom.com/topics/what-is-xhosa-language - a concept summary providing full context over the following grammars stated and discussed<br />
<br />
Xhosa contains multiple prefixes and suffixes which are attached to root words. Thus, the language is declassified into fifteen morphological classes or genders. Furthermore, the language is unique based on its tones, the phonemic low, and high tones;<br />
<br />
*they are a [à], á [á], â [áà], ä [àá]. Long vowels are phonemic but are usually not written, except for â and ä<br />
<br />
The usage of uncommon consonants is dominant throughout the language in the version of clicks. The language uses 21 clicks (7 dental), however, the number of clicks varies based on each region (Namibia and Botswana primarily)<br />
<br />
'''Examples'''<br />
*ukudlala - to play<br />
*ukubona - to see<br />
*umntwana - a child<br />
*abantwana - children<br />
*umntwana uyadlala - the child plays<br />
*abantwana bayadlala - the children play<br />
*indoda - a man<br />
*amadoda - men<br />
*indoda iyambona umntwana - the man sees the child<br />
*amadoda ayababona abantwana - the men see the children<br />
*Zonke zinto ezilungile zivela kuThixo - all things that are good proceed from God.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Bilingual/Monolingual Dictionaries ==<br />
<br />
(most are mainly decoded within English subtexts and contexts)<br />
<br />
* http://tshwanedje.com/members/gmds/documents/Prinsloo_on_OZSD.pdf - Oxford Summary, Xhosa based translational dictionary<br />
* https://glosbe.com/en/xh/ - English to Xhosa bilingual dictionary<br />
* http://www.gononda.com/xhosa/ - Xhosa to English dictionary<br />
<br />
Due to the language being indigenous and mostly forgotten as a dialect of the older remnants of Africa, many dictionaries could not be found so many of these dictionaries are transcribed to the modern English meanings<br />
<br />
== Monolingual/Parallel Corpora ==<br />
<br />
http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/en?corpusId=deu_newscrawl_2011 - Leipzig Corpora Collection (offers Zulu to Xhosa)<br />
http://curl.corpora.uni-leipzig.de/ - Crawling Under-Resourced Languages <br />
Koliswa Moropa (2007) - English/Xhosa Parallel Corpus: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/5762/MOROPA%20ARTICLEs7.pdf?sequence=1</div>SlingKing7