Tagging guidelines for English

"this", "that"

The words "this" and "that" (along with their plurals "these" and "those") can be either determiners, modifying a noun phrase, or pronouns, replacing a noun phrase.

• det.dem
  • I don't like this cat.
  • I don't like these cats.
• prn
  • This is the reason.
  • Those are the ones.

"no"

The word "no" in English can be a determiner, modifying a noun phrase or an adverb (or interjection).

• det.ind
  • There are no cats in my attic.
• adv
  • No! Don't do that!

Verbs with "-ing"

The ending -ing in English can be a gerund (adverbial), a substantive (like a noun) or a present participle.

• vblex.ger
  • I saw him coming.
• vblex.subs
  • I like running.
• vblex.pprs
  • I am sleeping.

• vblex.subs (roughly, when you can substitute it with a relative clause: "The flying circus" → "The circus that flies")
• vblex.pprs (roughly, when you can substitute it with a noun: "Flying is hard" → "Flight is hard")
• vblex.ger (in all other cases? When it follows to be in continuous tenses, or when it can be replaced by a prepositional phrase: "he came singing" → "he came with a song")