Tagging guidelines for English

"this", "that"

The words "this" and "that" (along with their plurals "these" and "those") can be either determiners, modifying a noun phrase, or pronouns, replacing a noun phrase.

• det.dem
  • I don't like this cat.
  • I don't like these cats.
• prn
  • This is the reason.
  • Those are the ones.

"no"

The word "no" in English can be a determiner, modifying a noun phrase or an adverb (or interjection).

• det.ind
  • There are no cats in my attic.
• adv
  • No! Don't do that!

Verbs with "-ing"

The ending -ing in English can be a gerund (adverbial), a substantive (like a noun) or a present participle (like an adjective).

• vblex.subs:
  • Roughly, when you can substitute it with a noun: "Flying is hard" → "Flight is hard"
• vblex.pprs:
  • Roughly, when you can substitute it with a relative clause: "The flying circus" → "The circus that flies"
• vblex.ger
  • When it follows to be in continuous tenses, or when it can be replaced by a prepositional phrase or a different verbal phrase:
    • "He came singing" → "He came with a song"
    • "He is singing → "He sings"