Northern Sámi and Norwegian/Derivations

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Derivations: general rules and exceptions

Sámi has a lot of derivation rules; sometimes the derived words have lexicalised translations in Bokmål, like ráhkisvuohta→kjærlighet, these we treat as exceptions which have to be specified in bidix. Other times we can use a general rule, like lohkagohten→begynte.1SG å lese.

We have two strategies for handling the rule/exception situation.

  1. For the situation where we have many exceptions, we let the analysis be eg. geavaheaddjiid/geavahit<V><TV><Der2><Actor><N><Pl> and from here there are two paths
    1. either this specific analysis is in bidix, here translating into bruker<n><m><pl>, or
    2. we have to use a transfer rule, in this case translating into de som bruker
  2. For the situation where we have few exceptions, we use dev/xfst2apertium.relabel to split the analysis into two lexical units. Two lexical units can't be specified in bidix, so here
    1. exceptions have to be added to the .lexc file as if they were lexicalised, so they remain one lexical unit
    2. while general transfer rules now match a pattern of two lexical units

The former is used for most derivations, the latter currently only for Der_goahti.

More detailed: Deverbal nouns

Sámi verbs can turn into nouns by various processes. We want to be able to put this explicitly into the bidix (eg. sometimes the nob noun is not even based on the nob verb), but if it's not in bidix we want to be able to fall back on a construction using the verb, so

  • from geavaheaddjiid/geavahit<V><TV><Der2><Actor><N>
  • a fallback is => de som bruker<vblex>
  • but bidix can also specify => bruker<n><m>

With the following bidix entries we specify that we want bruker<n><m> in the above example:

    <e><p><l>geavahit<s n="V"/><s n="TV"/></l><r>bruke<s n="vblex"/><s n="pers"/></r></p><par n="__verb"/></e>
    <e><p><l>geavahit<s n="V"/><s n="TV"/><s n="Der2"/><s n="Actor"/><s n="N"/></l><r>bruker<s n="n"/><s n="m"/></r></p><par n="__n"/></e>

while if the second bidix line isn't there, we get the fallback. Transfer rules can now do the fallback if eg.

 <equal><clip side="tl" part="pos" ...><lit-tag v="n"/></equal>
 <equal><clip side="sl" part="pos" ...><lit-tag v="V"/></equal>

The similar specification/fallbacks can be applied with other Derivations.

Of course, if geavaheaddjiid is fully specified in the morphology, that should be selected over the derivation analysis (by CG or by weighting the HFST).


The transfer for deverbal Actor nouns has slightly more complexity: It seems from most examples that the present tense verb form alone gives a better translation of Actor nouns iff there is no lemq to the verb and it is singular indefinite, so the above would give "bruker" (if singular, indefinite), while ovddasvástideaddji/Ovddasvástidit<V><IV><Der2><Actor><N><Sg><Nom><@SUBJ→>$ (which in nob has a lemq, "# ansvar for") should give "Den som har ansvar (for)".

Summary of fallbacks

Derivations that do not appear in this list should be removed from the analyser before release.

Note that derivations of derivations have to be treated as a new type (eg. geavahuvvomis.V.Der2.Der_PassL.V.Der3.Der_n.N could not be handled by a combination of rules for V.Der2.Der_PassL.V and V.Der3.Der_n.N, but needs a mechanism of its own).

  • N.Der1.Der_Dimin.N
    • N->N (diminutive), passes through as if nothing happened (although we could add "lille" or something)
  • A.Der3.Der_vuohta.N
    • Adj->N, gets adj.def, ("grunn"->"det grunne")
    • typical override: "fattig"->"fattigdom"
  • A.Der2.Der_at.Adv
    • Adj->Adv, gets adj.posi.nt.sg.ind ("vid" -> "vidt")
  • V.Der3.Der_goahti.V
    • turns into two words, eg. ^lohkagohten/lohkat<V><TV><Der3>+goahti<V><Ind><Prt><Sg1>$
  • V.Der2.Der_PassL.V
    • V->V (passive), add the "pass" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
  • V.Der2.Der_PassL.V.Der3.Der_n.N
    • V->N (via passive), for now just outputs the plain passive infinitive (ideally should be able to enter noun phrase rules)
  • V.Der_PassS.V
    • V->V (passive), add the "pass" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
  • V.Der1.Der_h.V
    • V->V (causative), add the "caus" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
  • V.Der2.Der_ahtti.V
    • V->V (causative), add the "caus" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
  • V.Der1.Der_d.V
    • V->V (reflexive), add the "ref" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
  • V.Der2.Der_alla.V
    • V->V (reflexive), add the "ref" tag, picked up by t1x verb rule
  • V.Der1.Der_st.V
    • V->V (diminutive), passes through as if nothing happened (although we could add the adverb "litt"?)
  • V.Der3.Der_n.N
    • V->N, gets adj.pprs
  • V.Der1.Der2.Der_las
    • V->Adj, gets adj.pprs ("gi"->"givende")
    • typical override: gi->generøs
  • V.Der2.Actor.N
    • V->N (actor), gets vblex.pres.m (could tag TD instead of pres, and select between pres and pret based on earlier finite verb, TODO)
  • V.Der2.Der_eapmi.N
    • V->N (action/process), gets vblex.inf.nt
    • typical override: "seile"->"seiling"

Still TODO

  • V.Der2.Der_adda.N.PrfPrc.Actio
  • V.Der3.Der_amoš.N
  • V.Der2.Der_asti.V
  • V.Der2.Der_eamoš.N
  • V.Der2.Der_easti.V
  • N.Der3.Der_geahtes.???
  • V.Der1.Der2.Der_halla.???
  • N.Der1.Der2.Der_heapmi.A
  • A.Der1.Der_huhtti.V
  • N.Der1.Der2.Der_huvva.V
  • V.Der1.Der_j.V
  • V.Der1.Der_l.V
  • N.Der1.Der_laš.A
  • Pron.Der1.Der_lágan.A
  • V.Der1.Der_meahttun.A
  • V.Der3.Der_muš.N
  • V.Der1.Der2.Der_stuvva.V
  • V.Der3.Der_supmi.N
  • V.Der3.Der_upmi.???
  • N.Der_viđá.Adv

and any combinations not mentioned here.

Derivation tags and their meanings

Note: Við eigum að breyta mörk neðan af því að það er ekki hægt að nota /. í mörkum í apertium. En þá eigum við að breyta CG líka...

There are also derivations of derivations:

"<geavaheaddjis>"
...
          "geavvat" V* IV* Der1 Der/h V* TV Der2 Actor N Sg Acc PxSg3

For transfer purposes it might be simplest to treat these "flatly" as if they were single derivations (ie. Der1_Der_h_V_TV_Der2).

Tag Type Example in Bokmål
Der/Dimin N→N[diminutive] mánáš "mánná" N Der1 Der/Dimin N Sg Nom barn→lite barn
Der/1 Der/st V→V[diminutive] attestit "addit" V TV Der1 Der/st V Inf gi→gi litt
Der/st Diminutive V→V oainnestit, várástit "várát" V TV Der1 Der/st V se→skimte (add "litt"?)
Der/adda V→N.PrfPrc.Actio bassaladdan "bassalit" V* TV Der2 Der/adda →vaske tøy (bassat=vaske)
Der/ahtti V→V vajálduhttit "vajálduvvat" V* IV* Der2 Der/ahtti V TV →overse/glemme
Der/alla suffix bázáhallan "bázihit" V* TV Der2 Der/alla V Actio
Der/amoš suffix muitalamoš "muitalit" V TV Der3 Der/amoš N Sg Nom fortelle→
Der/asti suffix muitalastit "muitalit" V TV Der2 Der/asti V Inf fortelle→
Der/at Adj→Adv viidát "viiddis" A* Der2 Der/at Adv vid→vidt
Der/d V→V[refl] basadit "bassat" V TV Der1 Der/d V vaske→vaske seg
Der/eaddji V→N.Actor muitaleaddji "muitalit" V TV Der2 Actor N Sg Nom fortelle→forteller
Der/eamoš suffix muitaleamoš "muitalit" V* TV Der3 Der/eamoš fortelle→
Der/eapmi V→N deaivvadeapmi "deaivvadit" V IV Der2 Der/eapmi N Sg Nom møte(V)→møte(N), feire→feiring
Der/easti suffix muitaleastit "muitalit" V TV Der2 Der/easti V Inf fortelle →
Der/geahtes suffix eaiggátkeahtes "eaiggát" N* Der3 Der/geahtes eier →
Der/goahti V→V Inchoative boradišgohten "boradit" V TV Der3 Der/goahti V Ind Prt Sg1 spise → jeg begynte å spise
Der/h suffix geavaheaddji "geavvat" V* IV* Der1 Der/h V* TV Der2 Actor; orrohit "orrot" V* IV Der1 Der/h V heve seg→ ; bli/synes→
Der/halla V→V[recip] gulahallat "gullat" V* TV Der1 Der2 Der/halla høre→forstå hverandre («høre hverandre»?)
Der/heapmi suffix čađaheapmi "čađđa" N* Der1 Der2 Der/heapmi A
Der/huhtti suffix muosehuhttit "muoseheapme" A* Der1 Der/huhtti V* TV urolig→
Der/huvva suffix čađahuvvo "čađđa" N* Der1 Der2 Der/huvva V IV Imprt Prs ConNegII
Der/j suffix sáddejuvvot "sáddet" V* TV Der1 Der/j V* Der2 Der/PassL V sende→
Der1 Der/l V→V[subitive] borralit "borralit" V TV Der1 Der/l V spise→spise (i hast)
Der/l ???? ohcalit "ohcat" V* TV Der1 Der/l V lete→savne/lengte etter
Der/las V→Adj addálas "addit" V TV Der1 Der2 Der/las A gi→generøs
Der/laš N→Adj dábálaš "dáhpi" N Der1 Der/laš A Sg Nom skikk→vanlig
Der/lágan suffix earálágan "eará" Pron Indef Sg Gen Der1 Der/lágan A annen/andre→
Der/meahttun V→Adj[Neg] jáhkkemeahttun "jáhkkit" V TV Der1 Der/meahttun A Sg Nom tro/anta→utrolig
Der/muš suffix ??? "juhkat" V TV Der3 Der/muš N Sg Nom drikke→
Der/n suffix oažžun "oažžut" V* TV Der3 Der/n N få→?
Der/stuvva suffix fuolastuvvat "fuollat" V* TV Der1 Der2 Der/stuvva V bry seg om→
Der/supmi suffix čállosupmi "čállit" V* TV Der2 Der/PassL V* Der3 Der/supmi N skrive/...→
Der/upmi suffix mearkkašupmi "mearkkašit" V* TV Der2 Der/PassL V* Der3 Der/upmi merge seg→
Der/viđá suffix málestanviđá "málet" V TV Der1 Der/st V Der2 Der/eapmi N SgCmp Der/viđá Adv male→
Der/vuohta Adj→N ráhkisvuohta "ráhkis" A Der3 Der/vuohta N Sg Nom kjær→kjærlighet