Difference between revisions of "English and Hindi/ Contrastive Grammar"

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=='''ENGLISH AND DUTCH - Study in similar languages'''==
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=='''ENGLISH AND HINDI- Study in languages'''==
   
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This page covers difference between English and Dutch.
 +
This page covers difference between English and Hindi.
   
   
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English an Dutch both belong to the Indo-European language family.They both are really similar as they both fall under Scandinavian languages. English is one of the most spoken languages in the world, with 360 to 400 million speakers for whom it is their mother tongue, 400 million speakers for whom it is their second language and 600 to 700 speakers for whom it is a foreign language. Whereas dutch is one of the most studied languages and one of the richest languages in the world as enlisted by the UN. There are total (including language 1 and language 2 speakers) 28 million speakers in the whole world.
 +
English belongs to the Indo-European language family. English is one of the most spoken languages in the world, with 360 to 400 million speakers for whom it is their mother tongue, 400 million speakers for whom it is their second language and 600 to 700 speakers for whom it is a foreign language. Whereas Hindi is one of the most studied languages and one of the richest languages in the world as enlisted by the UN. There are total (including language 1 and language 2 speakers) 380 million speakers in the whole world.
   
  +
For more information on English language: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language
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As they both have originated from the same language family, they follow the same alphabet i.e. latin alphabets.
  
  +
For more information on Hindi language: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi
   
   
  +
Here are a few differences between two of the richest languages in the world enlisted below
   
  +
==Sentence Structure==
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== '''''Differences''''' ==
  
   
  +
In English the sentence structure is subject-verb-object (SVO)
−
Here are a few differences between two of the richest languages in the world enlisted below
  
   
  +
Like:-
−
===Phonology===
  
  +
* I like to play basket ball. (S- I V- play O-basketball)
−
The sound systems of [[English]] and [[Dutch]] are somewhat similar, therefore the speakers of both languages seem to have no problem in pronouncing or speaking each other's language. However there are few words with mispronunciation in the vowels. Like for example:-
  
  +
Similarly:-
  +
* Stacy is writing about the movie.
  +
* Ren is fixing the pole.
   
  +
However, in Hindi, the sentence structure is subject-object-verb (SOV). Below is an example of translations done literally according to word to word :-
  +
* {{test|hindi|माँ ने मुझे स्कूल भेजा|Mother me school sent}} [In Hindi: S-माँ (mother) O-स्कूल (school) V-भेजा (sent)]
  +
Below is the previous sentence rearranged to English grammar standards.
   
  +
* {{test|hindi|माँ ने मुझे स्कूल भेजा|My mother sent me to school}} (in English: S-Mother V-sent O-school)
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Pronunciation in - (ENGLISH / DUTCH)
 
−
* {{test|eng|Sit/Seat}}
  
−
* {{test|eng|Not/Nut}}
  
−
* {{test|eng|Caught/Coat}}
  
−
and et cetera
  
   
−
More examples of differences between the languages with respect to voiced consonents are also enlisted below:
  
−
*{{test|eng|Rub/rup}} (difficulty in spelling the letter "b" in dutch)
  
−
*{{test|eng|Bird/birt}} (difficulty in spelling the letter "d" in dutch)
  
−
*{{test|eng|Wine/Vine}} (difficulty in spelling the letter "w" in dutch)
  
−
*{{test|eng|Think/Sink or tink}} (due lisp)
  
   
  +
Similarly:- (along with pronunciation)
−
However both Dutch and English speakers can easily adopt each other's accent easily after practice as the stress and intonation patterns in Dutch and English are similar.
  
  +
* {{test|hindi|रानी पानी पीने गयी |Rani water drink went|Rani went to drink water}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|आदमी खाना खाने गया |man food to eat went|Man went to eat food}}
   
−
===Grammar===
 +
==Pronouns==
−
At first let us look at the differences of ''Verbs'' and ''Tenses''.
  
   
  +
===Personal Pronouns===
  +
A personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular organism or a thing in the grammatical sense.
  +
In English, there are sets of Personal pronouns which can be used to differentiate gender. In Hindi, often the same words are used even in cases of different gender.
  +
Examples of such pronouns:-
  +
* {{test|Eng|He|वह}}
  +
* {{test|Eng|She|वह}}
  +
* {{test|Eng|His|उनके/उसके}}
  +
* {{test|Eng|Her|उनके/उसके}}
   
  +
Some translations of sentences:-
−
As mentioned above about a million times now, English and Dutch are very similar languages, even in terms of verbs and tenses. However usages of some words which are limited in a language may result in some changes in the translations.
 
−
For example:-
  
−
* In dutch - {{test|du|waar kom je vandaan }}
  
−
In English - {{test|eng|where you come from}} (in this the auxillary ''DO'' is missing)
  
−
* In dutch- {{test|du|Ik drink geen bier}}
  
−
In English - {{test|eng|I drink not beer}} (the auxillary ''DO'' is missing)
  
−
* In Dutch- {{test|du|Ik heb een bad gehad toen hij belde}}
  
−
In English - {{test|eng|I had a bath when he phoned}} (grammatical error)
  
   
  +
* {{test|hindi|मुझे गाने सुनना पसंद है|I like listening to songs}}
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Small errors also are found in the transitioning of the tenses.
  
  +
* {{test|hindi|वह सड़कों पर कुत्ते को बाहर ले गया|He took the dog out in the streets.}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|तुम मेरी बेटी हो|You are my daughter}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|वह एक नर्तकी है|She is a dancer}}
   
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===Vocabulary===
 +
===Possessive Pronouns===
  +
In Hindi, the possessive pronouns mean the same thing as in English language- Pronouns which show possession.
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Dutch and English share a lot- a great number of cognates, basic Germanic vocabulary and shared Romance vocabulary. Though still there are many words in both the languages that are use in same type of sentences but have a different meaning or varied meaning with same meaning. Here are few such examples of these type of words. These words are also referred to as "False Friends" :-
  
   
  +
Here are few examples of possessive pronouns in Hindi shown below:-
−
*''arm'' in english (body part)- in dutch, this word has two meanings- ''Arm'' as in body part or ''Wapen'' which is weapon or coat of arms
  
−
*''Actual'' in english (original)- in dutch, this word ''Actueel'' means current (present)
  
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*''Big'' in english (huge, tall)- in dutch, this word ''groot'' [guess now we know where MCU got the name for our favourite walking talking tree] means tall or large
  
   
  +
Literal translations (word to word) and actual translations:-
  +
* {{test|hindi|रोजी अपना हार खरीदना चाहता है|Rosie her necklace buy want|Rosie wants to buy her necklace}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|आर्य उसकी बहन है|Arya her sister is.|Arya is her sister}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|वह बारिश में गा रहा है|He rain in singing|He is singing in the rain}}
   
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===Word Order===
  
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Both Dutch and English sentences are built around the SVO pattern. The only difference is when a sentence doesn’t start with the subject, for example:
  
   
  +
But the main differences are:-
−
{{test|eng|On Friday we went to the cinema.}}
  
  +
* ''Same pronouns often used for different genders (even non-living)''
  +
* ''The gender of the object (Yes in Hindi objects have genders)''
   
  +
Here are few examples to explain previous section:-
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In Dutch the subject we and the verb went swap places:
  
   
  +
'''Between the genders of the subject:-'''
−
{{test|du|Op vrijdag gingen we naar de bioscoop.}}
  
  +
* {{test|Eng|His / Her / Its| इसका (near)/ उसका (far)}}
  +
----{{test|hindi|इसका बहन आर्य है|Arya is his/her/its sister.}}
  +
----{{test|hindi|उसका नोट दीवार पर लटका दिया गया है|his/its/her note is hung on the wall.}}
   
  +
* {{test|Eng|Their (Near) or His / Her (Formal)|इनका}}
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(And if you read that sentence in Dutch carefully you should be able to decipher it easily which shows just how closely Dutch and English are related.)
  
  +
----{{test|hindi|इनका जूता काले रंग के है|His/ Her/ their shoes are black.}}
   
  +
* {{test|Eng|Their (Far) or His / Her (Formal)|उनका}}
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More examples:
  
  +
----{{test|hindi|उनका शहर में ठण्ड है|His/ Her/ their city is cold.}}
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{{test|eng|Ren likes playing basketball}}
 
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{{test|du|Ren speelt graag basketbal}}
  
   
   
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{{test|eng|The cat ate the fish}}
 
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{{test|du|De kat heeft de vis opgegeten}}
  
   
  +
''Words may vary. Reason will be explained in the next section''
  +
''Also, there are two forms for each pronoun as you can see. That is because the pronoun changes as per the position of the object. ''
  +
''Some words, when translated have been depicted as not masculine and feminine because the same word can be used to depict both genders. ''
   
  +
'''Between the genders of the object:-'''
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Other word order issues include infinitives and past participles being placed at the end of a sentence in Dutch, much like in German.
  
  +
Every Hindi noun is either Masculine or Feminine. Our Possessive Pronouns must agree with the gender of the word:-
  +
* {{test|Eng|My| मेरा (for masculine )/ मेरी (for feminine )}}
  +
----{{test|hindi|मेरा घर|My house}} (House in Hindi is a masculine word)
  +
----{{test|hindi|मेरी किताब|My Book.}} (Book in Hindi is a feminine word)
   
  +
* {{test|Eng|Their| उनके (masculine ) /उनकी (feminine)}} (this is in case of plural)
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===Verb, Tenses and Forms===
  
  +
----{{test|hindi|उनके केले|Their bananas.}} (Banana is a masculine word)
  +
----{{test|hindi|उनकी जूते|Their shoes.}} (Shoe is a feminine word)
   
  +
* {{test|Eng|Her/ His (depends on object)| उसकी (feminine) / उसके (masculine)}}
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Like English, Dutch has these four basic verb forms:
  
  +
----{{test|hindi|उसकी साडी|Her Sari.}} (Sari is a feminine word i.e. it is a type of cultural Indian clothing)
  +
----{{test|hindi|उसके आलू |his potatoes.}} (potatoes are masculine words here.)
   
  +
==Verbs==
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present simple
  
−
past simple
  
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present perfect
  
−
past perfect
  
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However their use in Dutch does not always correspond with their use in English.
  
   
  +
Verb are words to indicate any action taking place in a particular time frame.
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One of the most common mistakes Dutch mt learners of English make is using the present perfect where a past simple is required. Whereas in English we would say:
  
  +
It should be clear whether that action is current, occurred in the past or expected to occur in future.
  +
Like most of the problems listed above, the translation is difficult due to the different sentence structure and genders (the use of genders in pronouns are given above). Here are few examples:-
   
  +
* {{test|hindi|पढ़ना|To Read (or To Study)}}
−
She left for London yesterday.
  
  +
* {{test|hindi|बोलना|To Speak}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|सोना|To Sleep}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|खाना|To Eat}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|सीखना|To Learn}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|जाना|To Go}}
   
  +
Here are few more examples of verbs as classified by tenses.
−
Quite a number of Dutch students will say:
  
   
  +
===Present tense===
−
* She has left for London yesterday.
  
   
  +
Literal translation and Actual translations :-
−
* an asterisk denotes an ungrammatical sentence.
  
   
  +
* {{test|hindi|में चलके स्कूल जाता हूँ|I walking to school go.|I walk to school}}
−
Similarly the present tense is sometimes used instead of present perfect in sentences like this:
  
  +
* {{test|hindi|साहिब तेज से दौङता है।|Sahib fast runs.|Sahib runs fast}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|बच्चे फुटबॉल खेलते हैं।|Children football play|Children play football}}
   
  +
===Past tense===
−
* I live in Amsterdam since 2000.
  
   
  +
Literal Translation and Actual translations :-
−
Instead of:
  
   
  +
* {{test|hindi|मैं स्कूल के लिए चला गया|I school for went.|I went to school}}
−
I have lived in Amsterdam since 2000.
  
  +
* {{test|hindi|साहिब तेजी से भागा।|Sahib fast ran|Sahib ran fast}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|बच्चों ने फुटबॉल खेला|Children football played|Children played football}}
   
  +
===Future tense===
−
Also, the present simple is sometimes used instead of the future simple:
  
   
  +
Literal translation and Actual translations :-
−
* I tell you about it tomorrow.
  
   
  +
* {{test|hindi|मैं स्कूल जाऊँगा|I school will go|I will go to school}}
−
Instead of:
  
  +
* {{test|hindi|साहिब तेजी से दौङेगा।|Sahib fast will run|Sahib will run fast}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|बच्चे फुटबॉल खेलेंगे।|Children football will play|Children will play football}}
   
−
I will tell you about it tomorrow.
  
   
  +
−
The use of timelines when explaining English tenses can help a lot with correcting this problem.
  
  +
''P.S. this section does not depict difference between tenses in both the languages. The tenses have just been depicted to show the different forms of verbs in each tense and language ''
  +
===Types of Verbs===
  +
  +
1. Transitive verb: Transitive verb are those verb which normally have a direct object:
  +
  +
Examples:-
  +
  +
Literal translation and Actual translations :-
  +
  +
* {{test|hindi|राम समाचार पत्र पढ़ रहा है।|Ram a newspaper is reading|Ram is reading a newspaper}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|सीता बाजार जा रही है।|Sita the market is going to|Sita is going to the market}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|जॉनसन क्रिकेट खेल रहा है।|Johnson cricket is playing|Johnson is playing cricket}}
  +
  +
  +
2) Intransitive verb: Intransitive verbs which does not have any specific object on which the action being done:
  +
  +
Examples:-
  +
  +
Literal translations and Actual translations :-
  +
  +
* {{test|hindi|बच्चों रो रहे हैं।|Children crying are|Children are crying}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|रंजन खेल रहा है।|Ranjan playing is.|Ranjan is playing.}}
  +
* {{test|hindi|मोहन सो रहा है।|Mohan sleeping is.|Mohan is sleeping}}
  +
  +
  +
As mentioned earlier the word order is not the same. There may be a lot of places where in translations, there is a difference in the no. Of words in either Hindi or English. That is again one of the translation problems as sometimes two words in Hindi may be translated to one word in English
   
 
==CONCLUSION==
  
==CONCLUSION==
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  +
The translation from Hindi to English poses as a major barrier for learners as their grammatical differencees vary by structure a lot.
  +
  +
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Our world have over a thousand languages, and over a million dialects. We should learn more about our varied languages, cultures and lives. These two languages and considered to be one of the most richest languages in the world and there are more. Let us explore the sweetness of our varied heritage even more by stepping forward to embrace our lingual differences and start adopting them.
  
Our world have over a thousand languages, and over a million dialects. We should learn more about our varied languages, cultures and lives. These two languages and considered to be one of the most richest languages in the world and there are more. Let us explore the sweetness of our varied heritage even more by stepping forward to embrace our lingual differences and start adopting them.

Latest revision as of 08:56, 17 January 2018

ENGLISH AND HINDI- Study in languages[edit]

This page covers difference between English and Hindi.


English belongs to the Indo-European language family. English is one of the most spoken languages in the world, with 360 to 400 million speakers for whom it is their mother tongue, 400 million speakers for whom it is their second language and 600 to 700 speakers for whom it is a foreign language. Whereas Hindi is one of the most studied languages and one of the richest languages in the world as enlisted by the UN. There are total (including language 1 and language 2 speakers) 380 million speakers in the whole world.

For more information on English language: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language For more information on Hindi language: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi


Here are a few differences between two of the richest languages in the world enlisted below

Sentence Structure[edit]

In English the sentence structure is subject-verb-object (SVO)

Like:-

  • I like to play basket ball. (S- I V- play O-basketball)

Similarly:-

  • Stacy is writing about the movie.
  • Ren is fixing the pole.

However, in Hindi, the sentence structure is subject-object-verb (SOV). Below is an example of translations done literally according to word to word :-

  • (hindi) माँ ने मुझे स्कूल भेजा → Mother me school sent [In Hindi: S-माँ (mother) O-स्कूल (school) V-भेजा (sent)]

Below is the previous sentence rearranged to English grammar standards.

  • (hindi) माँ ने मुझे स्कूल भेजा → My mother sent me to school (in English: S-Mother V-sent O-school)


Similarly:- (along with pronunciation)

  • (hindi) रानी पानी पीने गयी → Rani water drink went :: Rani went to drink water
  • (hindi) आदमी खाना खाने गया → man food to eat went :: Man went to eat food

Pronouns[edit]

Personal Pronouns[edit]

A personal pronoun is a pronoun that is associated primarily with a particular organism or a thing in the grammatical sense. In English, there are sets of Personal pronouns which can be used to differentiate gender. In Hindi, often the same words are used even in cases of different gender. Examples of such pronouns:-

  • (Eng) He → वह
  • (Eng) She → वह
  • (Eng) His → उनके/उसके
  • (Eng) Her → उनके/उसके

Some translations of sentences:-

  • (hindi) मुझे गाने सुनना पसंद है → I like listening to songs
  • (hindi) वह सड़कों पर कुत्ते को बाहर ले गया → He took the dog out in the streets.
  • (hindi) तुम मेरी बेटी हो → You are my daughter
  • (hindi) वह एक नर्तकी है → She is a dancer

Possessive Pronouns[edit]

In Hindi, the possessive pronouns mean the same thing as in English language- Pronouns which show possession.

Here are few examples of possessive pronouns in Hindi shown below:-

Literal translations (word to word) and actual translations:-

  • (hindi) रोजी अपना हार खरीदना चाहता है → Rosie her necklace buy want :: Rosie wants to buy her necklace
  • (hindi) आर्य उसकी बहन है → Arya her sister is. :: Arya is her sister
  • (hindi) वह बारिश में गा रहा है → He rain in singing :: He is singing in the rain


But the main differences are:-

  • Same pronouns often used for different genders (even non-living)
  • The gender of the object (Yes in Hindi objects have genders)

Here are few examples to explain previous section:-

Between the genders of the subject:-

  • (Eng) His / Her / Its → इसका (near)/ उसका (far)

(hindi) इसका बहन आर्य है → Arya is his/her/its sister.

(hindi) उसका नोट दीवार पर लटका दिया गया है → his/its/her note is hung on the wall.

  • (Eng) Their (Near) or His / Her (Formal) → इनका

(hindi) इनका जूता काले रंग के है → His/ Her/ their shoes are black.

  • (Eng) Their (Far) or His / Her (Formal) → उनका

(hindi) उनका शहर में ठण्ड है → His/ Her/ their city is cold.


Words may vary. Reason will be explained in the next section Also, there are two forms for each pronoun as you can see. That is because the pronoun changes as per the position of the object. Some words, when translated have been depicted as not masculine and feminine because the same word can be used to depict both genders.

Between the genders of the object:- Every Hindi noun is either Masculine or Feminine. Our Possessive Pronouns must agree with the gender of the word:-

  • (Eng) My → मेरा (for masculine )/ मेरी (for feminine )

(hindi) मेरा घर → My house (House in Hindi is a masculine word)

(hindi) मेरी किताब → My Book. (Book in Hindi is a feminine word)

  • (Eng) Their → उनके (masculine ) /उनकी (feminine) (this is in case of plural)

(hindi) उनके केले → Their bananas. (Banana is a masculine word)

(hindi) उनकी जूते → Their shoes. (Shoe is a feminine word)

  • (Eng) Her/ His (depends on object) → उसकी (feminine) / उसके (masculine)

(hindi) उसकी साडी → Her Sari. (Sari is a feminine word i.e. it is a type of cultural Indian clothing)

(hindi) उसके आलू → his potatoes. (potatoes are masculine words here.)

Verbs[edit]

Verb are words to indicate any action taking place in a particular time frame. It should be clear whether that action is current, occurred in the past or expected to occur in future. Like most of the problems listed above, the translation is difficult due to the different sentence structure and genders (the use of genders in pronouns are given above). Here are few examples:-

  • (hindi) पढ़ना → To Read (or To Study)
  • (hindi) बोलना → To Speak
  • (hindi) सोना → To Sleep
  • (hindi) खाना → To Eat
  • (hindi) सीखना → To Learn
  • (hindi) जाना → To Go

Here are few more examples of verbs as classified by tenses.

Present tense[edit]

Literal translation and Actual translations :-

  • (hindi) में चलके स्कूल जाता हूँ → I walking to school go. :: I walk to school
  • (hindi) साहिब तेज से दौङता है। → Sahib fast runs. :: Sahib runs fast
  • (hindi) बच्चे फुटबॉल खेलते हैं। → Children football play :: Children play football

Past tense[edit]

Literal Translation and Actual translations :-

  • (hindi) मैं स्कूल के लिए चला गया → I school for went. :: I went to school
  • (hindi) साहिब तेजी से भागा। → Sahib fast ran :: Sahib ran fast
  • (hindi) बच्चों ने फुटबॉल खेला → Children football played :: Children played football

Future tense[edit]

Literal translation and Actual translations :-

  • (hindi) मैं स्कूल जाऊँगा → I school will go :: I will go to school
  • (hindi) साहिब तेजी से दौङेगा। → Sahib fast will run :: Sahib will run fast
  • (hindi) बच्चे फुटबॉल खेलेंगे। → Children football will play :: Children will play football


P.S. this section does not depict difference between tenses in both the languages. The tenses have just been depicted to show the different forms of verbs in each tense and language

Types of Verbs[edit]

1. Transitive verb: Transitive verb are those verb which normally have a direct object:

Examples:-

Literal translation and Actual translations :-

  • (hindi) राम समाचार पत्र पढ़ रहा है। → Ram a newspaper is reading :: Ram is reading a newspaper
  • (hindi) सीता बाजार जा रही है। → Sita the market is going to :: Sita is going to the market
  • (hindi) जॉनसन क्रिकेट खेल रहा है। → Johnson cricket is playing :: Johnson is playing cricket


2) Intransitive verb: Intransitive verbs which does not have any specific object on which the action being done:

Examples:-

Literal translations and Actual translations :-

  • (hindi) बच्चों रो रहे हैं। → Children crying are :: Children are crying
  • (hindi) रंजन खेल रहा है। → Ranjan playing is. :: Ranjan is playing.
  • (hindi) मोहन सो रहा है। → Mohan sleeping is. :: Mohan is sleeping


As mentioned earlier the word order is not the same. There may be a lot of places where in translations, there is a difference in the no. Of words in either Hindi or English. That is again one of the translation problems as sometimes two words in Hindi may be translated to one word in English

CONCLUSION[edit]

The translation from Hindi to English poses as a major barrier for learners as their grammatical differencees vary by structure a lot.


Our world have over a thousand languages, and over a million dialects. We should learn more about our varied languages, cultures and lives. These two languages and considered to be one of the most richest languages in the world and there are more. Let us explore the sweetness of our varied heritage even more by stepping forward to embrace our lingual differences and start adopting them.

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