Dependency based re-ordering
There are dependency parsers based on constraint grammar for a few languages which Apertium would like to treat (e.g. the Sámi languages and Faroese), it might be a nice idea to be able to do re-ordering before transfer (or during transfer) based on the dependency tree (this would not do lexical transfer, concordance or anything else, just LU reordering). The sister project Matxin already does something like this, so it would be worth looking there for ideas.
The first stage would be to convert cg-proc to output dependency information along with the lexical units. The second stage would be to write a module that builds a tree and does moving operations. Special care would need to be taken of superblanks.
Examples[edit]
In the example below,
Í upphavi skapti Gud himmal og jørð In beginning created God heaven and earth `In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth'
The subject could be moved before the verb using the dependency information, while inserting the determiners and doing concordance etc. would be left up to the rest of the transfer. The benefit to using the dependency graph to move stuff around is that it allows for limitless sized NPs etc.
Annotation[edit]
"<Í>"
"í" Pr @ADVL> #1->3
"<upphavi>"
"upphav" N Neu Sg Dat Indef @P< #2->1
"<skapti>"
"skapa" V Ind Prt Sg @VMAIN #3->0
"<Gud>"
"gudur" N Msc Sg Nom Indef @<SUBJ #4->3
"<himmal>"
"himmal" N Msc Sg Acc Indef @<OBJ #5->3
"<og>"
"og" CC @CC #6->5
"<jørð>"
"jørð" N Fem Sg Acc Indef @<OBJ #7->5
"<.>"
"." CLB #8->0
In Apertium[edit]
In Apertium format, this input might look something like:
^Í/í<pr><@ADVL→><#1→3>$ ^upphavi/upphav<n><nt><sg><dat><ind><@P←><#2→1>$ ^skapti/skapa<vblex><pri><sg><@VMAIN><#3→0>$ ^Gud/gudur<n><m><sg><nom<ind><@←SUBJ><#4→3>$ ^himmal/himmal<n><m><sg><acc><ind><@←OBJ><#5→3>$ ^og/og<cnjcoo><@CC><#6→5>$ ^jørð/jørð<n><m><sg><acc><ind><@←OBJ><#7→5>$ ^./.<sent><#8→0>$
And then you might have a rule which looks something like:
<reorder>
<pattern>
<head><pattern-item n="vmain"/></head>
<child><pattern-item n="subj"/></child>
<child><pattern-item n="obj"/></child>
</pattern>
<out>
<clip pos="2"/> <!-- subject -->
<clip pos="1"/> <!-- verb -->
<clip pos="3"/> <!-- object -->
</out>
</reorder>
(Well, ok it will probably look quite different -- format to be determined.)
Giving the output:
^Í/í<pr><@ADVL→><#1→4>$ ^upphavi/upphav<n><nt><sg><dat><ind><@P←><#2→1>$ ^Gud/gudur<n><m><sg><nom<ind><@←SUBJ><#3→4>$ ^skapti/skapa<vblex><pri><sg><@VMAIN><#4→0>$ ^himmal/himmal<n><m><sg><acc><ind><#←OBJ><#5→4>$ ^og/og<cnjcoo><@CC><#6→5>$ ^jørð/jørð<n><m><sg><acc><ind><#←OBJ><#7→5>$ ^./.<sent><#8→0>$
Note how the words have been reordered and the positions updated (it would be also nice to relabel @←SUBJ to @SUBJ→).
In this example, the subject that moved was a single word, but say we wanted to translate into a language which may have Object-Verb-Subject word order (like Tamil reported speech or… Klingon), then the rule would only get a slight change:
<reorder>
<pattern>
<head><pattern-item n="vmain"/></head>
<child><pattern-item n="subj"/></child>
<child><pattern-item n="obj"/></child>
</pattern>
<out>
<clip pos="3"/> <!-- object -->
<clip pos="1"/> <!-- verb -->
<clip pos="2"/> <!-- subject -->
</out>
</reorder>
but the output would have the whole object phrase moved in front of the verb:
^Í/í<pr><@ADVL→><#1→4>$ ^upphavi/upphav<n><nt><sg><dat><ind><@P←><#2→1>$ ^himmal/himmal<n><m><sg><acc><ind><#←OBJ><#5→4>$ ^og/og<cnjcoo><@CC><#6→5>$ ^jørð/jørð<n><m><sg><acc><ind><#←OBJ><#7→5>$ ^skapti/skapa<vblex><pri><sg><@VMAIN><#4→0>$ ^Gud/gudur<n><m><sg><nom<ind><@←SUBJ><#3→4>$ ^./.<sent><#8→0>$
Graph[edit]
0
|
(2)upphav----- (1)í[@ADVL]-------(3)skapa[@VMAIN]
| |
| |________ (5)himmal[@OBJ]----(6)og
________| |
| ---------(7)jørð
(4)gudur[@SUBJ]
Matxin[edit]
We could also try outputting Matxin format. Although Matxin uses chunks as well as nodes, we should be able to just do node based trees, e.g.
S1 (SENT)
__|_____
C2 (grup-verb) --------| | |----------------- C4 (F-term)
| |
N4 sacude C3 (obj)
| |
C1 (subj) |
| N5 Bagdad
N3 atentado
|
------------
| |
N1 Un N2 triple
Could be represented
N0 (SENT)
__|_____
----------------------| | |----------------- N6 . (F-term)
| |
N4 sacude (grup-verb) N5 Bagdad (obj)
|
N3 atentado (subj)
|
------------
| |
N1 Un N2 triple
The above example in Faroese might come out something like:
<SENTENCE ord="1">
<NODE form='skapti' lem='skapa' ord='3' mi='V.Ind.Prt.Sg' si='VMAIN'>
<NODE form='Í' lem='Í' ord='1' mi='Pr' si='ADVL'>
<NODE form='upphavi' lem='upphav' ord='2' mi='N.Neu.Sg.Dat.Indef' si='P'/>
</NODE>
<NODE form='Gud' lem='Gud' ord='4' mi='N.Prop.Sg.Nom' si='SUBJ'/>
<NODE form='himmal' lem='himmal' ord='5' mi='N.Msc.Sg.Acc.Indef' si='OBJ'/>
</NODE>
</SENTENCE>
