Tagging guidelines for English
"this", "that"
The words "this" and "that" (along with their plurals "these" and "those") can be either determiners, modifying a noun phrase, or pronouns, replacing a noun phrase.
det.dem
- I don't like this cat.
- I don't like these cats.
prn
- This is the reason.
- Those are the ones.
"no"
The word "no" in English can be a determiner, modifying a noun phrase or an adverb (or interjection).
det.ind
- There are no cats in my attic.
adv
- No! Don't do that!
Verbs with "-ing"
The ending -ing
in English can be a gerund (adverbial), a substantive (like a noun) or a present participle (like an adjective).
vblex.subs
:- Roughly, when you can substitute it with a noun: "Flying is hard" → "Flight is hard"
vblex.pprs
:- Roughly, when you can substitute it with a relative clause: "The flying circus" → "The circus that flies"
vblex.ger
- When it follows to be in continuous tenses, or when it can be replaced by a prepositional phrase or a different verbal phrase:
- "He came singing" → "He came with a song"
- "He is singing → "He sings"
- When it follows to be in continuous tenses, or when it can be replaced by a prepositional phrase or a different verbal phrase: