Difference between revisions of "Northern Sámi and Norwegian"
Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
Sámi collective nouns are marked Coll, but there's no collective nor mass noun marking in nob.dix, so I guess that's not much help. |
Sámi collective nouns are marked Coll, but there's no collective nor mass noun marking in nob.dix, so I guess that's not much help. |
||
Some more rules: |
|||
* indefinite: |
|||
** lokativ/(illativ) in first position + leat |
|||
** habitiv tag |
|||
** advl |
|||
* definite: lokativ not in first position + leat |
|||
==Case== |
==Case== |
Revision as of 11:36, 18 February 2010
Corpus
TODO:
Word order
sme not-V2 and nob V2
sme OV tendencies and no nob OV
nob particle verbs
Since we "just" need generation, we could do it with this method.
Definiteness in nob
Some contexts are relatively safe:
- Attributive superlatives are definite, and have indefinite nouns: det.poss adj.sup n => det.poss adj.sup.def n
- min viktigste.def oppgave.ind
- Predicative superlatives are almost always indefinite
- min oppgave.ind/oppgaven.def min er viktigst.ind
- ...unless they have a definite determiner:
- min oppgave.ind er den viktigste.def
Others we have to guess.
Features we might be able to use: subject/object, theme/focus, prepositions?
- Du dálkasis sáhtii leamaš ávki => Din(det.poss) medisin(ind) kan ha vært til nytte
- Mánná oađđá => Barnet(def) sover (but is this ambiguous?)
- Son lea čeahpes bárdni => Han er en(art) flink(ind) gutt(ind)
- Dá livččii skeaŋka din čeahpes bárdnai => Her er en gave jeg kunne ønske å gi den(art) flinke(def) sønnen(def) deres(det.poss)
Sámi collective nouns are marked Coll, but there's no collective nor mass noun marking in nob.dix, so I guess that's not much help.
Some more rules:
- indefinite:
- lokativ/(illativ) in first position + leat
- habitiv tag
- advl
- definite: lokativ not in first position + leat
Case
Case to preposition
This is for adverbial cases
Essive nouns (mánnán=>som barn) are ambiguous between sg and pl; can we just choose sg.ind all the time?
Case to object
Accusative objects are just translated. The issue here is definiteness.
Case to possessor phrase
- Gen N => N-Def til Possessor; but for bokmål, Gen's N would be simpler and fine in most cases
- for both expressions, definiteness is more or less trivial
Postposition/number case choice
We can remove genitive case which is due to a postposition or after a number (or turn it into accusative for a pronoun).
- garra.ADJ dálkki.N.GEN geažil.PO[GEN] => på_grunn_av.PR dårlig.ADJ vær.N
- guokte.NUM biilla.N.SG.GEN => to.NUM biler.N.PL
Agreement
Subject-verb agreement to be removed.
Subject insertion from pro-drop
Pro-drop sentences should have subjects inserted, observing the nob V2 rule:
- Topicalised sentences
- X + V => X + V + subjpron
- X + Neg + V => X + V + subjpron + ikke
- Verb-initial sentences
- V => subjpron + V
- Neg + V => subjpron + V + ikke
We could do this by changing a variable in the movement interchunk stage based on whether the pattern matches a subject or not.
Negation
Negation is a verb in sme, an adverbial in nob.
- Subj + Neg + ConNeg => Subj + Prs + ikke
- Subj + Neg + PrfPrtc => Subj + Prt + ikke
- Neg + Subj + ConNeg => Subj + Prs + ikke
- Neg + Subj + PrfPrtc => Subj + Prt + ikke
- X + Neg (+ Subj) + ConNeg => X + Prs + Subj + ikke
- X + Neg (+ Subj) + PrfPrtc => X + Prt + Subj + ikke
Infinite verbforms
These are clause reducts, to be expanded to embedded sentences
Gerund
...
Actio locative
...
Actio essive
...
Pre- and post positions
Postposition to preposition
Lexical selection
Essive SPRED => V
There is currently no way of checking whether bidix has a translation for this and that word in transfer; eg. for
Itgo boađáše munnje veahkkin? ikke.du komme meg.ILL hjelp.N.ESS.@←SPRED `Kommer du ikke og hjelper(V) meg?'
we might want to translate "V PRON.ILL N.ESS.@←SPRED" or something like that into "V og V PRON.ACC" but only if the first N has a corresponding verb (hjelp <=> hjelpe), otherwise we might want to stick with the more literal "til meg som N".
Could we simply do this by adding bidix entries for "PRON.ILL N.ESS.@←SPRED" into "V PRON.ACC"? Or would that overgenerate?
- No we can't, @←SPRED is not a valid sdef due to @ and ←. We _could_ put "PRON.ILL N.ESS" in bidix though, with even more chance of overgenerating…
- Also, we'd first have to turn it into one lexical unit (
^mun<Pron><Pers><Sg1><Ill><@ADVL>$ ^veahkki<N><Ess><@←SPRED>$ => ^mun# veahkki<Pron><Pers><Sg1><Ill><@ADVL><N><Ess><@←SPRED>$
or something).- Current solution: letting the lex.sel CG, sme-nob.lex, add a V tag to any N.ESS.@←SPRED followed by PRON.PERS.ILL, and then just make the bidix entry use this added tag. t1x checks for the tl vblex tag, t2x does the movement and adds the conjunction.
Clause types
Yes-no questions
Verb-initial yes-no questions are directly translated, with go removal
When other constituents are added
Relative clauses
sme relative pronoun into nob "som"
"som" may be deleted when the relative refers to
Passive clauses
Morphology
Syntax
POS disambiguation
vai
..
Existential sentences
- Insert det in the nob translation
leat => være / ha
leat may translate into either one of være or ha, wrong translations will become very odd.
- Mánát leat boahtán skuvlii => Barnene har kommet til skolen
- verb afterwards: har (well in this case "er" works, movement verb, but in general)
- Dat lea sihke buorre ja heittot => Det er både bra og dårlig
- Norga.no deháleamos doaibma lea ofelastit geavaheaddjiid almmolaš bálvalusaide => Norge.no's viktigste oppgave er å veivise brukere til offentlige tjenester
- å afterwards: er
- Mus lea oahpahus gaskkal guovtti ja njealji => Jeg har undervisning mellom to og fire
- "from.me is teaching between two and four"
- Mus lea biepmu => Jeg har mat
- "from.me is food"
- "Mus" is
<Loc><@HAB>
in both these;
- Ii mus leat bahá vuoigŋa => Jeg er ikke besatt
- "not.3SG from.me is.CONNEG angry spirit"
- counterexample to the two above...because of negation? or the adjective?
- Mun lean buorre => Jeg er god
- Son lea čeahpes bárdni => Han er en flink gutt
- "Mun", "Son" are not
<Loc><@HAB>
...
- "Mun", "Son" are not
- Mus lea gažaldat didjiide => Jeg har et spørsmål til dere
We handle this as a lexical selection problem in CG.
Derivations: general rules and exceptions
Sámi has a lot of derivation rules; sometimes the derived words have lexicalised translations in Bokmål, like ráhkisvuohta→kjærlighet, these we treat as exceptions which have to be specified in bidix. Other times we can use a general rule, like lohkagohten→begynte.1SG å lese.
We have two strategies for handling the rule/exception situation.
- For the situation where we have many exceptions, we let the analysis be eg.
geavaheaddjiid/geavahit<V><TV><Der2><Actor><N><Pl>
and from here there are two paths- either this specific analysis is in bidix, here translating into
bruker<n><m><pl>
, or - we have to use a transfer rule, in this case translating into
de som bruker
- either this specific analysis is in bidix, here translating into
- For the situation where we have few exceptions, we use
dev/xfst2apertium.relabel
to split the analysis into two lexical units. Two lexical units can't be specified in bidix, so here- exceptions have to be added to the .lexc file as if they were lexicalised, so they remain one lexical unit
- while general transfer rules now match a pattern of two lexical units
More detailed: Deverbal nouns
Sámi verbs can turn into nouns. We want to be able to put this explicitly into the bidix (eg. sometimes the nob noun is not even based on the nob verb), but if it's not in bidix we want to be able to fall back on a construction using the verb, so
- from
geavaheaddjiid/geavahit<V><TV><Der2><Actor><N>
- with fallback
=> de som bruker<vblex>
(or something) - bidix specified
=> bruker<n><m>
With the following bidix entries we specify that we want bruker<n><m>
in the above example:
<e><p><l>geavahit<s n="V"/><s n="TV"/></l><r>bruke<s n="vblex"/><s n="pers"/></r></p><par n="__verb"/></e> <e><p><l>geavahit<s n="V"/><s n="TV"/><s n="Der2"/><s n="Actor"/><s n="N"/></l><r>bruker<s n="n"/><s n="m"/></r></p><par n="__n"/></e>
while if the second bidix line isn't there, we get the fallback. Transfer rules can now check
<equal><clip side="tl" part="pos" ...><lit-tag v="N"/></equal> <equal><clip side="sl" part="pos" ...><lit-tag v="V"/></equal>
The same specification/fallback might be applied with other Derivations.
Derivations
Note: Við eigum að breyta mörk neðan af því að það er ekki hægt að nota /
. í mörkum í apertium. En þá eigum við að breyta CG líka...
There are also derivations of derivations:
"<geavaheaddjis>" ... "geavvat" V* IV* Der1 Der/h V* TV Der2 Actor N Sg Acc PxSg3
For transfer purposes it might be simplest to treat these "flatly" as if they were single derivations (ie. Der1_Der_h_V_TV_Der2).
Tag | Type | Example | in Bokmål |
---|---|---|---|
Der/Dimin |
Diminutive | mánáš "mánná" N Der1 Der/Dimin N Sg Nom | barn→lite barn |
Der/1 Der/st |
Diminutive verb | attestit "addit" V TV Der1 Der/st V Inf | gi→gi litt |
Der/adda |
V→N/PrfPrc/Actio |
bassaladdan "bassalit" V* TV Der2 Der/adda | →vaske tøy (bassat=vaske) |
Der/ahtti |
V→V |
vajálduhttit "vajálduvvat" V* IV* Der2 Der/ahtti V TV | →overse/glemme |
Der/alla |
suffix | bázáhallan "bázihit" V* TV Der2 Der/alla V Actio | → |
Der/amoš |
suffix | muitalamoš "muitalit" V TV Der3 Der/amoš N Sg Nom | fortelle→ |
Der/asti |
suffix | muitalastit "muitalit" V TV Der2 Der/asti V Inf | fortelle→ |
Der/at |
Adj→Adv |
viidát "viiddis" A* Der2 Der/at Adv | vid→vidt |
Der/d |
V→V[refl] |
basadit "bassat" V TV Der1 Der/d V | vaske→vaske seg |
Der/eaddji |
suffix | muitaleaddji "muitalit" V TV Der2 Actor N Sg Nom | fortelle→ |
Der/eamoš |
suffix | muitaleamoš "muitalit" V* TV Der3 Der/eamoš | fortelle→ |
Der/eapmi |
V→N |
deaivvadeapmi "deaivvadit" V IV Der2 Der/eapmi N Sg Nom | møte(V) → møte(N) |
Der/easti |
suffix | muitaleastit "muitalit" V TV Der2 Der/easti V Inf | fortelle → |
Der/geahtes |
suffix | eaiggátkeahtes "eaiggát" N* Der3 Der/geahtes | eier → |
Der/goahti |
V→V Inchoative |
boradišgohten "boradit" V TV Der3 Der/goahti V Ind Prt Sg1 | spise → jeg begynte å spise |
Der/h |
suffix | geavaheaddji "geavvat" V* IV* Der1 Der/h V* TV Der2 Actor; orrohit "orrot" V* IV Der1 Der/h V | heve seg→ ; bli/synes→ |
Der/halla |
V→V[recip] |
gulahallat "gullat" V* TV Der1 Der2 Der/halla | høre→forstå hverandre («høre hverandre»?) |
Der/heapmi |
suffix | čađaheapmi "čađđa" N* Der1 Der2 Der/heapmi A | → |
Der/huhtti |
suffix | muosehuhttit "muoseheapme" A* Der1 Der/huhtti V* TV | urolig→ |
Der/huvva |
suffix | čađahuvvo "čađđa" N* Der1 Der2 Der/huvva V IV Imprt Prs ConNegII | → |
Der/j |
suffix | sáddejuvvot "sáddet" V* TV Der1 Der/j V* Der2 Der/PassL V | sende→ |
Der1 Der/l |
V→V[subitive] |
borralit "borralit" V TV Der1 Der/l V | spise→spise (i hast) |
Der/l |
???? | ohcalit "ohcat" V* TV Der1 Der/l V | lete→savne/lengte etter |
Der/las |
suffix | lotnolas "lotnut" V* TV Der1 Der2 Der/las A | betale→ |
Der/laš |
N→Adj |
dábálaš "dáhpi" N Der1 Der/laš A Sg Nom | skikk→vanlig |
Der/lágan |
suffix | earálágan "eará" Pron Indef Sg Gen Der1 Der/lágan A | annen/andre→ |
Der/meahttun |
V→Adj[Neg] |
jáhkkemeahttun "jáhkkit" V TV Der1 Der/meahttun A Sg Nom | tro/anta→utrolig |
Der/muš |
suffix | ??? "juhkat" V TV Der3 Der/muš N Sg Nom | drikke→ |
Der/n |
suffix | oažžun "oažžut" V* TV Der3 Der/n N | få→? |
Der/st |
suffix | várástit "várát" V TV Der1 Der/st V | → |
Der/stuvva |
suffix | fuolastuvvat "fuollat" V* TV Der1 Der2 Der/stuvva V | bry seg om→ |
Der/supmi |
suffix | čállosupmi "čállit" V* TV Der2 Der/PassL V* Der3 Der/supmi N | skrive/...→ |
Der/upmi |
suffix | mearkkašupmi "mearkkašit" V* TV Der2 Der/PassL V* Der3 Der/upmi | merge seg→ |
Der/viđá |
suffix | málestanviđá "málet" V TV Der1 Der/st V Der2 Der/eapmi N SgCmp Der/viđá Adv | male→ |
Der/vuohta |
Adj→N |
ráhkisvuohta "ráhkis" A Der3 Der/vuohta N Sg Nom | kjær→kjærlighet |
Transfer
Chunk naming scheme
Since t4x (postchunk) cannot tell how many and what kind of lexical units there are in each chunk, we use the chunk names to signal this. Some examples of chunk names:
- "verb" -- this chunk has a single verb lexical unit
- "verb_part_verb" -- eg. "begynne å lese", three lexical units
What goes where
The current plan:
- t1x
- (de-)compounding,
- derivation,
- simple noun phrases (heads and their simple modifiers/specifiers: adj nom, adj adj nom, det adj adj nom, num adj nom),
- simple periphrastic verb combinations (verb, vaux pp, vaux inf)
- Insert prepositions based on case
- t2x
- relatives (SN "who" SV -> SN)
- co-ordination (SN "and" SN -> SN)
- genitive modifiers (SN SN-Gen " [University of Reykjavik] [big old library]-GEN"
- t3x
- move postpositions (SN ADPOS -> ADPOS SN) "[1 big house which is on the hill] [2 in]"
- remove prepositions when case is governed by adpositions
- V2
- Insert dropped pronouns
- move postpositions (SN ADPOS -> ADPOS SN) "[1 big house which is on the hill] [2 in]"
- t4x
- Insert articles
- Cleanup
See also
External links
- Sametingets plenum pdf's with parallel (sme-nob) gov't text, choose eg. Publikasjoner-Møtebøker-Plenum
- lookup Sámi words in giellatekno hfst online
- Samisk Grammatikk av Klaus Peter Nickel (heile boka, frå Nasjonalbiblioteket)
- Avvir.no Northern Sámi newspaper, for testing