Difference between revisions of "Indic"
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− | {{TOCD}} |
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− | === THIS PAGE IS UNFINISHED === |
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− | The '''Indic languages''' include [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Bengali]], [[Sanskrit]], and several other languages. These languages are the dominant language family of the Indian subcontinent. The number of people that speak an Indic language is upwards of 900,000,000. |
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− | |||
− | The master plan involves generating independent finite-state transducers for each language, and then making individual dictionaries and transfer rules for every pair. The current status of these goals is listed below. |
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− | |||
− | ==Status== |
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− | The ultimate goal is to have multi-purposable transducers for a variety of Indic languages. These can then be paired for X→Y translation with the addition of a [[Constraint Grammar|CG]] for language X and transfer rules / dictionary for the pair X→Y. Below is listed development progress for each language's transducers and dictionary pairs. |
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− | |||
− | === Transducers === |
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− | {{see-also|Indic lexicon}} |
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− | Once a transducer has ~80% coverage on a range of medium-large corpora we can say it is "working". Over 90% and it can be considered to be "production". |
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− | |||
− | {| class="wikitable sortable" |
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− | |- |
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− | !rowspan=2| name |
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− | !rowspan=2| Language |
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− | !colspan=2 class="unsortable"| ISO 639 |
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− | !rowspan=2| formalism |
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− | !rowspan=2| state |
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− | !rowspan=2| stems |
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− | !rowspan=2| coverage |
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− | !rowspan=2| location |
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− | !rowspan=2 class="unsortable"| primary authors |
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− | |-class="sortbottom" |
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− | ! -2 |
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− | ! -3 |
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− | |- |
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− | || <code>[[apertium-hin]]</code> |
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− | || [[Hindi]] |
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− | || <code>hi</code> |
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− | || <code>hin</code> |
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− | || HFST (lexc+twol) |
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− | || production |
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− | |align="right"| {{#lst:apertium-hin/stats|stems}} |
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− | |align="center"| - |
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− | || [[apertium-hin]] ([[languages]]) |
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− | || [[User:Nikant|Nikant]], [[User:darthxaher|Abu Zaher Md. Faridee]], [[User:Francis Tyers|Fran]] |
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− | |- |
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− | || <code>[[apertium-urd]]</code> |
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− | || [[Urdu]] |
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− | || <code>ur</code> |
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− | || <code>urd</code> |
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− | || HFST (lexc+twol) |
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− | || production |
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− | |align="right"| {{#lst:apertium-urd/stats|stems}} |
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− | |align="center"| - |
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− | || [[apertium-urd]] ([[languages]]) |
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− | || - |
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− | |- |
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− | || <code>[[apertium-ben]]</code> |
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− | || [[Bengali]] |
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− | || <code>bn</code> |
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− | || <code>ben</code> |
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− | || HFST (lexc+twol) |
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− | || production |
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− | |align="right"|{{#1st:apertium-ben/stats|stems}} |
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− | |align="center"| - |
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− | || [[apertium-ben]] ([[languages]]) |
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− | || [[User:darthxaher|Abu Zaher Md. Faridee]] |
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− | |- |
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− | || <code>[[apertium-san]]</code> |
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− | || [[Sanskrit]] |
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− | || <code>sa</code> |
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− | || <code>san</code> |
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− | || HFST (lexc+twol) |
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− | || production |
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− | |align="right"| {{#lst:Apertium-san/stats|stems}} |
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− | |align="center"| - |
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− | || [[apertium-san]] ([[languages]]) |
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− | || Amba Kulkarni |
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− | |- |
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− | |} |
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− | |||
− | |||
− | === Indic Language Classification === |
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− | * Dardic: [[Pahayi]], [[Khowar]], [[Kohistani]], [[Shina language]], [[Kashiri]] |
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− | * Northern Zone: |
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− | **Cantral Pahari |
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− | ***[[Garhwali]], [[Kumauni]] |
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− | **Eastern Pahari |
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− | ***[[Nepali]] |
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− | * North-Western Zone: |
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− | **Dogri-Kangri |
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− | ***[[Dogri]], [[Kangri]], [[Mandeali]], etc. |
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− | ** [[Punjabi]] |
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− | ** [[Lahnda]] |
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− | ** [[Sindhi]] |
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− | * Western Zone: |
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− | ** Rajasthani |
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− | *** [[Marwari]], [[Rajasthani]] |
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− | **[[Gujarati]] |
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− | **[[Bhil]] |
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− | **[[Khandeshi]] |
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− | **[[Domari-Romani]] |
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− | * [[Hindi]] |
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− | * Southern Zone: |
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− | ** [[Marathi]] |
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− | ** [[Konkani]] |
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− | ** Insular Indic |
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− | *** [[Sinhalese]], [[Maldivian]] |
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− | * Eastern Zone: |
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− | ** Bihari |
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− | *** [[Bhojpuri]], [[Maithili]], etc. |
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− | ** [[Bengali]] |
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− | ** [[Oriya]] |
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− | ** [[Tharu]] |
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− | * [[Sanskrit]] |
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− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | === Pairs === |
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− | |||
− | Some Turkic languages that are particularly similar to one another (and hence have high levels of mutual intelligibility) include those in the following list: |
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− | * [[Turkish]], Azerbaycani, (Turkmen) |
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− | * [[Kazakh|Qazaq]], Qaraqalpaq, Noğay, ([[Kyrgyz|Qırğız]]) |
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− | * [[Kumyk]], Karachay-Balkar |
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− | * [[Tatar]], [[Bashqort]] |
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− | * [[Uzbek]], Uyğur |
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− | * Shor, Khakas(, Altay) |
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− | * Sakha, Dolgan |
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− | * Tuvan, Tofa |
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− | |||
− | [[Chuvash|Chuvash]] is very distant from other Turkic languages and is not even partially mutually intelligible with any of them. |
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− | |||
− | ==== Table of dix progress ==== |
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− | As counted with [https://svn.code.sf.net/p/apertium/svn/trunk/apertium-tools/get_stems.py https://svn.code.sf.net/p/apertium/svn/trunk/apertium-tools/get_stems.py] |
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− | |||
− | {| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable" |
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− | |- style="background: #ececec" |
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− | ! !! tur !! aze !! tuk !! uzb !! kir !! kaz !! tat !! chv !! bak !! uig !! !! khk !! eng !! rus |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''tur''' || — || {{#lst:Apertium-tur-aze/stats|tur-aze-stems}} || || {{#lst:apertium-tur-uzb/stats|tur-uzb-stems}} || {{#lst:apertium-tur-kir/stats|tur-kir-stems}} || || {{#lst:apertium-tur-tat/stats|tur-tat-stems}} || || || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''aze''' || {{#lst:Apertium-tur-aze/stats|tur-aze-stems}} || — || || || || || || || || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''tuk''' || || || — || || || || || || || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''uzb''' || {{#lst:apertium-tur-uzb/stats|tur-uzb-stems}} || || || — || || || || || || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''kir''' || {{#lst:apertium-tur-kir/stats|tur-kir-stems}} || || || || — || {{#lst:apertium-kaz-kir/stats|kaz-kir-stems}} || || || || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''kaz''' || || || || || {{#lst:apertium-kaz-kir/stats|kaz-kir-stems}} || — || {{#lst:apertium-kaz-tat/stats|kaz-tat-stems}} || || || || || {{#lst:apertium-khk-kaz/stats|khk-kaz-stems}} || {{#lst:apertium-eng-kaz/stats|eng-kaz-stems}} || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''tat''' || {{#lst:apertium-tur-tat/stats|tur-tat-stems}} || || || || || {{#lst:apertium-kaz-tat/stats|kaz-tat-stems}} || — || || {{#lst:apertium-tat-bak/stats|tat-bak-stems}} || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''chv''' || || || || || || || || — || || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''bak''' || || || || || || || {{#lst:apertium-tat-bak/stats|tat-bak-stems}} || || — || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''uig''' || || || || || || || || || || — || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''khk''' || || || || || || {{#lst:apertium-khk-kaz/stats|khk-kaz-stems}} || || || || || || — || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''eng''' || || || || || || {{#lst:apertium-eng-kaz/stats|eng-kaz-stems}} || || || || || || || — || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''rus''' || || || || || || || || || || || || || || — |
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− | |} |
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− | |||
− | ==== Turkic-Turkic pairs ==== |
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− | {{see-also|Turkic-Turkic translator}} |
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− | Text in ''italic'' denotes language pairs under development / in the incubator. Regular text denotes a functioning language pair in staging, while text in '''bold''' denotes a stable well-working language pair in trunk. |
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− | {| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable" |
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− | |- style="background: #ececec" |
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− | ! !! tur !! aze !! tuk !! uzb !! kir !! kaz !! tat !! chv !! bak !! uig |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''tur''' || — || [[tur-aze]] || ''[[tur-tuk]]'' || ''[[tur-uzb]]'' || [[tr-ky]] || || ''[[tr-tt]]'' || ''[[tr-cv]]'' || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''aze''' || ''[[aze-tur]]'' || — || || || || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''tuk''' || ''[[tuk-tur]]'' || || — || || || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''uzb''' || ''[[tur-uzb]]'' || || || — || || || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''kir''' || ''[[ky-tr]]'' || || || || — || ''[[ky-kk]]'' || || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''kaz''' || || || || || ''[[kaz-kir]]'' || — || '''[[kaz-tat]]''' || || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''tat''' || ''[[tt-tr]]'' || || || || || '''''[[tat-kaz]]''''' || — || || ''[[tt-ba]]'' || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''chv''' || ''[[cv-tr]]'' || || || || || || || — || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''bak''' || || || || || || || ''[[ba-tt]]'' || || — || |
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− | |- |
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− | | '''uig''' || || || || || || || || || || — |
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− | |||
− | |} |
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− | |||
− | ==== Pairs with non-Turkic languages ==== |
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− | {| style="text-align: center;" class="wikitable" |
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− | |- style="background: #ececec" |
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− | ! |
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− | ! tur |
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− | ! aze |
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− | ! tuk |
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− | ! uzb |
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− | ! kir |
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− | ! kaz |
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− | ! tat |
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− | ! chv |
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− | ! bak |
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− | ! uig |
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− | |- |
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− | ! eng |
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− | | ''[[tr-en]]'' |
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− | | |
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− | | ''[[ky-en]]'' |
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− | | ''[[kaz-eng]]'' |
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− | |- |
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− | ! fr |
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− | |- |
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− | ! es |
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− | |- |
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− | ! it |
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− | |- |
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− | ! ru |
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− | | ''[[cv-ru]]'' |
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− | | |
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− | | |
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− | |- |
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− | ! mng/khk |
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− | | ''[[mn-kk]]'' |
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− | |} |
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− | === Roadmap === |
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− | * Stable release of apertium-kaz |
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− | * Stable release of apertium-tat |
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− | * '''Stable release of apertium-kaz-tat''' |
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− | * '''Rework apertium-kir to match new standards''' |
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− | * Bring apertium-bak up to date (based on apertium-tat) |
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− | * Expand apertium-tat-bak |
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− | * Beta release of apertium-kaz-kir |
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− | * Expand apertium-tuk |
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− | * Expand apertium-chv |
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− | * Basic transducers for: |
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− | ** Khakas |
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− | ** Tuvan |
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− | ** [[Sakha]] |
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− | ** Shor |
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− | ** Qaralpaq (based on <s>Tatar</s> Kazakh, probably, no?) |
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− | ** <s>Uzbek</s> |
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− | ** Uyghur |
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− | ** <s>[[Nogay]]</s> |
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− | ** <s>[[Kumyk]]</s> |
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− | |||
− | ==Getting involved== |
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− | We have a [[Turkic-Turkic_translator|work plan for developing Turkic-Turkic translators]] and are working on a [[Turkic_lexicon|how-to for building a Turkic lexicon]]. Please come talk to us on [[IRC]] or contact us on the [[apertium-turkic]] mailing list. |
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− | ==Tagset== |
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− | Rough guide to tagsets in various Turkic language transducers, with an eye to keeping stuff that is basically the same tagged the same. In the following table, <sup>A</sup> stands for Apertium and <sup>T</sup> stands for [[TRmorph]] (See also [[List_of_symbols|the general tagset list]]). |
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− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" |
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− | ! Phenomenon !! Morphology !! Description !! Tag(s) !! Language(s) !! Notes |
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− | |- |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Part of speech''' |
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− | |- |
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− | | Noun || || || {{tag|n}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Proper noun || || || {{tag|np}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Determiner || || || {{tag|det}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Numeral || || || {{tag|num}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Adjective || || || {{tag|adj}} || || incl. var/yok |
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− | |- |
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− | | Adverb || || || {{tag|adv}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Pronoun || || || {{tag|prn}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Verb || || || {{tag|v}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Auxiliary verb || || || {{tag|vaux}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Copula || || || {{tag|cop}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Adverb || || || {{tag|adv}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Postadverb || || || {{tag|postadv}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Postposition || || || {{tag|post}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | ''Particle''<ref>Warning: The use of the particle tag is highly discouraged.</ref> || || || {{tag|part}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Coordinating conjunction || || || {{tag|cnjcoo}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Subordinating conjunction || || || {{tag|cnjsub}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Adverbial conjunction || || || {{tag|cnjadv}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Abbreviation || || || {{tag|abbr}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Personal Title || || || {{tag|title}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Interjection || || || {{tag|ij}} || || Әлбетте{{slc|kaz}}, жок{{slc|kir}} (cf. Adj) |
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− | |- |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Proper noun types''' |
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− | |- |
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− | | Toponym || || || {{tag|top}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Anthroponym || || || {{tag|ant}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Patronym || || || {{tag|pat}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Cognomen (Surname) || || || {{tag|cog}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Acronym || || || {{tag|acr}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Other || || || {{tag|al}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Pronoun types''' |
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− | |- |
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− | | Personal || || || {{tag|pers}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Ordinal || || || {{tag|ord}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Demonstrative || || || {{tag|dem}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Indefinite || || || {{tag|ind}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Interrogative || || || {{tag|itg}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Reflexive || || || {{tag|ref}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Quantifier || || || {{tag|qnt}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Positive || || || {{tag|pst}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Negative || || || {{tag|neg}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Comparative || || || {{tag|comp}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Reciprocal || || || {{tag|recip}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | First person || || || {{tag|p1}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Second person || || || {{tag|p2}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Third person || || || {{tag|p3}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Numeral types''' |
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− | |- |
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− | | Substantive || || Substantive form of numerals (when they are used as the head of the noun phrase) || {{tag|subst}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Ordinal || || || {{tag|ord}} || || Chuvash: -мĂш |
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− | |- |
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− | | Distributive || || || {{tag|dist}} || || Chuvash: -шĂр |
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− | |- |
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− | | Collective || || || {{tag|coll}} || || Chuvash: -Ăн |
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− | |- |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Case''' |
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− | |- |
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− | | Nominative case (unmarked) || || || {{tag|nom}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Genitive case || || || {{tag|gen}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Dative case || || || {{tag|dat}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Locative case || || || {{tag|loc}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Ablative case || -DAn || Case indicating movement away || {{tag|abl}} || Pan-turkic || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Comitative case || || || {{tag|com}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Terminative case || || || {{tag|ter}} || || Chuvash: -ччен |
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− | |- |
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− | | Benefactive (Purposive) case || || || {{tag|ben}} || || Chuvash: -шĂн |
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− | |- |
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− | | Allative (Directive) case || || Case indicating motion towards something || {{tag|all}} || || Chuvash: -АллА |
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− | |- |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Posession''' |
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− | |- |
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− | | 1st pers sg || || || {{tag|px1sg}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | 1st pers pl || || || {{tag|px1pl}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | 2nd pers sg || || || {{tag|px2sg}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | 2nd pers pl || || || {{tag|px2pl}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | 3rd pers sg || || || {{tag|px3sg}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | 3rd pers pl || || || {{tag|px3pl}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | 3rd pers sg or pl || || || {{tag|px3sp}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Gender''' |
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− | |- |
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− | | Masculine || || || {{tag|m}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Feminine || || || {{tag|f}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Masculine / feminine || || || {{tag|mf}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Number''' |
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− | |- |
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− | | Singular || || || {{tag|sg}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Plural || || || {{tag|pl}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Tense, aspect, mood''' |
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− | |||
− | |- |
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− | | Present tense || || || {{tag|pres}} || || |
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− | |- |
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− | | Present continuous tense || || || {{tag|cont}} || || Turkish: -{bI}yor |
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− | |- |
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− | | Evidential tenseless/past tense || || || {{tag|evid}} || || Turkish: -m{I}ş (<past><evid>) |
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− | | Past tense || || || {{tag|past}} || || Kyrgyz: -{G}{A}н |
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− | | Definite past tense || || || {{tag|ifi}} || || Turkish: -{D}{I} |
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− | | Imperfect || || || {{tag|pii}} || || Turkish: Aorist + -m{A}kt{A} |
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− | | Past habitual tense || || || {{tag|pih}} || || Turkish: Aorist + -{D}{I} |
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− | | Future tense || || || {{tag|fut}} || || Turkish: -{bY}{A}c{A}{k} |
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− | | Imperative || -ø || Mood for giving orders || {{tag|imp}}<sup>A</sup>, {{tag|t_imp}}<sup>T</sup> || Pan-turkic || Turkish: -ø |
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− | | Conditional || || || {{tag|cond}} || || Turkish: -s{A} |
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− | | Aorist || || || {{tag|aor}} || || Turkish: -{A}r or -{bI}r |
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− | | Optative || || || {{tag|opt}} || || Turkish: -{bY}{A}, Kirghiz: -мAк>чI |
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− | | Obligative || || || {{tag|oblig}} || || Turkish: -m{A}l{I} |
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− | | Potential || || || {{tag|pot}} || || Kirghiz: -чUдAй |
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− | | Not-yet tense || || || {{tag|notyet}} || || Kirghiz: -E элек |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Non-finite verb forms''' |
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− | | Gerund || || makes verbs usable as nouns|| {{tag|ger}}, {{tag|vn}}? || || |
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− | | Verbal adjective || || makes verbs usable as adjectives || {{tag|vadj}} || || |
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− | | Participle || || makes verb a matrix verb usable auxiliaries and modals || {{tag|part}}, {{tag|vadv}}? || || |
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− | | ??? || || makes verb usable as first of a dual-predicate construction || ?? || || |
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− | | Infinitive || || citation form of verb and use in certain constructions || {{tag|inf}}? || || |
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− | | Gerund #1 || || || {{tag|ger1}} || || Turkish: -m{A} |
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− | | Gerund #2 || || || {{tag|ger2}} || || Turkish: -m{A}{K} |
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− | | Gerund #3 || || || {{tag|ger3}} || || Turkish: -{D}{I}{k} |
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− | | Gerund #4 || || || {{tag|ger4}} || || Turkish: -{bY}{I}ş |
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− | | Gerund #5 || || || {{tag|ger5}} || || Turkish: -{bY}{A}n |
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− | | Gerund #6 || || || {{tag|ger6}} || || Turkish: -{bY}{A}r{A}k |
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− | | Gerund #7 || || || {{tag|ger10}} || || Turkish: -{bY}{I}p |
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− | | Future gerund #1|| || || {{tag|fger}} || || Turkish: -{bY}{A}c{A}{k} |
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− | | Imperfect participle #1 || || || {{tag|fger}} || || Turkish: -{bY}{A}r{A}{k} |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Productive verbal derivation''' |
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− | | Passive || || || {{tag|pass}} || || |
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− | | Causative || || || {{tag|caus}} || || |
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− | | Cooperative || || || {{tag|coop}} || || -{I}ш{{slc|kir}}, -{I}с{{slc|kaz}} |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Transitivity''' |
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− | | Transitive, переходный || || || {{tag|tv}} || || |
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− | | Intransitive, непереходный || || || {{tag|iv}} || || |
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− | |colspan=6 align="center"|'''Modal/question/etc. "particles"''' |
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− | | Question || || used with yes/no, focus, etc. question morphemes || {{tag|qst}} || most-all || {М}{А}{{slc|kaz}}, {B}{I}{{slc|kir}}, m{I}{{slc|tur}}; +ше{{slc|kaz}}, ч{I}{{slc|kir}} |
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− | | Emphatic || || used with imperative/optative and other coercive verb forms || {{tag|emph}} || most || +ш{I}{{slc|kaz}}, +ч{I}{{slc|kir}},{{slc|tat}}, s{A}n{A}{{slc|tur}} |
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− | |} |
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− | |||
− | ==Official poem== |
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− | |||
− | * Kovayla bira içerim, ama sen bilmezsin. Yarın gelir misin? |
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− | * Vedrəyle pivə içirəm, ama sen bilməzsən. Yarın gələrmisən? |
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− | * Чиләк белән сыра эчәм, әмма син белмисең. Иртәгә киләсеңме? |
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− | * Шелекпен сыра ішемін, бірақ сен білмейсің. Ертең келесің бе? |
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− | * Чака менен сыра ичем, бирок сен билбейсиң. Эртең келесиңби? |
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− | * Челек булан пиво ичемен амма сен билмейсен. Эртен гелемисен? |
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− | |||
− | ==Footnotes== |
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− | <references/> |
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− | |||
− | [[Category:Turkic languages|*]] |